{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T22:32:53Z","timestamp":1771021973484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs are vulnerable to pathogens transmitted by brown dog ticks<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> An epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is underway in Mexicali, a Mexican city bordering California affecting people and dogs; several human cases have been reported in California residents who travelled to Mexico. To evaluate risks of RMSF, we conducted seroprevalence surveys in Imperial County in 2016 and 2017 using dogs as sentinels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood was collected from 752 dogs and was tested for antibodies against <jats:italic>R.\u00a0rickettsii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A.\u00a0phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> (as a proxy for <jats:italic>A.\u00a0platys<\/jats:italic>). Samples were considered seropositive to spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) if the <jats:italic>R.\u00a0rickettsia<\/jats:italic> titre was \u22651:64 and seropositive to <jats:italic>E.\u00a0canis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A.\u00a0phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> if the titre was \u22651:32. Owners provided information on dog age, exposure risks, health status and tick prevention. We assessed associations between SFGR seropositivity and driving distance to the nearest US\u2013Mexico border crossing station, whether proximity to a border crossing increased likelihood of taking dogs across the border, and whether distance to the border was associated with seropositivity. Logistic regression was performed to assess relationships between the titre classes and other predictor variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>12.2% of dogs were seropositive against SFGR. Dogs close to the border were significantly more likely to be taken across the border and to be seropositive. Risk factors that increased seropositivity included owners seeing ticks on the dog (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.9), being an adult dog, travel to Mexico (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.0) and living in a rural area (OR\u00a0=\u00a04.0). There was statistically significant co\u2010exposure to SFGR and <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surveillance for brown dog tick\u2010vectored pathogens can help identify dogs and people at risk for RMSF. Tick prevention, particularly in dogs, and surveillance of tick\u2010borne pathogens can help prevent the spread of rickettsioses and other diseases in this dynamic border region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T10:58:57Z","timestamp":1574765937000},"page":"148-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Spotted fever group rickettsiae canine serosurveillance near the US\u2013Mexico border in California"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Irais","family":"Estrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Imperial County Public Health Department El Centro CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Balagot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Binational Border Health California Department of Public Health San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Imperial County Public Health Department El Centro CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Kriner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Imperial County Public Health Department El Centro CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Iniguez\u2010Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Binational Border Health California Department of Public Health San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kjemtrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector\u2010Borne Disease Section Infectious Disease Branch California Department of Public Health Sacramento CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9078-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30173-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.030882"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00334.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/440605b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2310.170309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01414.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","author":"Harvey J. 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