{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T22:57:41Z","timestamp":1769641061876,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zoetis Ind\u00fastria de Produtos Veterin\u00e1rios Ltda."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> is a zoonotic pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disease that has a direct life cycle, with cysts eliminated in the faeces of an infected host being ingested by a susceptible host. In Brazil, studies of chronically infected adult dogs estimated a prevalence of 10%\u201320%. Diagnosis of giardiasis, as a cause of diarrhoea is important for the global One\u2010Health guidelines when controlling cyst dissemination in the environment. We investigated the prevalence of <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> in the pet dog population of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, compared the efficacy of direct tests available to the veterinary clinical practice and attempted to identify possible risk factors associated with the parasite. Ten veterinary practices distributed throughout the municipality randomly performed the rapid SNAP ELISA test on canine faecal samples, and dog owners provided information specific to the animal via a questionnaire. The samples were also analysed using sucrose and zinc sulphate flotation techniques. Sensitivity and specificity of the tests were used to calculate required number of samples and true prevalence. Significance, agreement among tests, and odds ratio (OR) were assessed with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The prevalence of <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> in dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0265) was 6.9% (CI 3.47\u201311.21). Positive tests were significantly more frequent in animals younger than 1\u00a0year, with an OR for <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> occurrence nearly 7\u2010fold that of older dogs. Direct diagnosis tests showed high agreement (96.1%, <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.729; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001) showing that the combined techniques provide a highly accurate diagnosis. Results indicated that the control of the pathogen has been improving in the pet dog population in metropolitan Sao Paulo, but management tools including diagnosis, immunization, and treatment, especially in puppies, must be continued in order to advance towards continuous decrease of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T11:16:54Z","timestamp":1588159014000},"page":"765-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiological study of <i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i> infection in companion dogs from the metropolitan area of S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Pontes","family":"Chiebao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba Center for Research in Animal Health Ag\u00eancia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agroneg\u00f3cios \u2013 APTA Sorocaba Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila Marinelli","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Nursing and Public Health Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Brasil"},{"name":"AAC&amp;T Research Consulting LTDA Ponta Grossa Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilda Fatima de Jesus","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science \u2013 FMVZ University of Sao Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Henrique de Lima","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba Center for Research in Animal Health Ag\u00eancia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agroneg\u00f3cios \u2013 APTA Sorocaba Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Turazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coopernutri Ltda S\u00e3o Paulo Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science \u2013 FMVZ University of Sao Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brasil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Ind\u00fastria de Produtos Veterin\u00e1rios Ltda. 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