{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:15:19Z","timestamp":1784769319881,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001653","name":"Grant Healthcare Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rat\u2010associated zoonoses transmitted through faeces or urine are of particular concern for public health because environmental exposure in homes and businesses may be frequent and undetected. To identify times and locations with greater public health risks from rats, we investigated whether rat characteristics, environmental features, socioeconomic factors, or season could predict rat infection risk across diverse urban neighbourhoods. In partnership with a pest management company, we sampled rats in 13 community areas along an income gradient in Chicago, a large city where concern about rats has increased in recent years. We collected kidneys for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. testing and colon contents for aerobic bacteria such as <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Of 202 sampled rats, 5% carried <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. and 22% carried <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>. Rats were significantly more likely to carry <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. on blocks with more standing water complaints in higher\u2010income neighbourhoods (OR\u00a0=\u00a06.74, 95% CI: 1.54\u201329.39). Rats were significantly more likely to carry <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> on blocks with more food vendors (OR\u00a0=\u00a09.94, 2.27\u201343.50) particularly in low\u2010income neighbourhoods (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.26, 0.09\u20130.82) and in the spring (OR\u00a0=\u00a015.96, 2.90\u201388.62). We detected a high diversity of <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> serovars but none contained major virulence factors. These associations between environmental features related to sanitation and infection risk in rats support transmission through water for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. and faecal\u2013oral transmission for <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>. We also found opposing relationships between zoonotic infection risk and income for these two pathogens. Thus, our results highlight the importance of sanitation for predicting zoonotic disease risks and including diverse urban areas in pathogen surveillance to mitigate public health risks from rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T09:07:45Z","timestamp":1593076065000},"page":"673-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["City sanitation and socioeconomics predict rat zoonotic infection across diverse neighbourhoods"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen H.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mason","family":"Fidino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Fyffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landmark Pest Management  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4008-4416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaylee A.","family":"Byers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Studies University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative Animal Health Centre  Abbotsford BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Pettengill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition United States Food and Drug Administration  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry S.","family":"Sondgeroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory  Laramie WY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halcyon","family":"Killion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory  Laramie WY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth B.","family":"Magle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jazmin","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Ortinau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Santymire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"487","volume-title":"Rats, mice and people: Rodent biology and management","author":"Aplin K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Asante\u2010Muhammad D.(2017).Racial wealth divide in Chicago. 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