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This study aimed at isolation, identification of mycobacteria from human sputum and camel milk and risk factors assessment in Samburu East, Kenya. Six hundred and twelve camels and 48 people presumed to have tuberculosis (TB) from 86 households in Wamba and Waso regions were screened. Camels were categorized into Somali, Turkana and Rendile breeds. Single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) was used as a herd\u2010screening test on lactating camels and a milk sample collected from reactive camels. Sputum samples were collected from eligible members of participating households. A standard questionnaire on possible risk factors for both humans and camels was administered to respective household heads or their representatives. Total camel skin test reactors were 238\/612 (38.9%). Milk and sputum samples were analysed at KEMRI\/TB research laboratory for microscopy, GeneXpert<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, culture and identification. Isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at Inqaba biotec in South Africa. Sixty\u2010four isolates were acid\u2010fast bacilli (AFB) positive of which <jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic> (3), <jats:italic>M. szulgai<\/jats:italic> (20), <jats:italic>M. monacense<\/jats:italic> (5), <jats:italic>M. lehmanni<\/jats:italic> (4), <jats:italic>M. litorale<\/jats:italic> (4), <jats:italic>M. elephantis<\/jats:italic> (3), <jats:italic>M. duvalii<\/jats:italic> (3), <jats:italic>M. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> (1), <jats:italic>M. arcueilense<\/jats:italic> (1) and <jats:italic>M. lentiflavum<\/jats:italic> (1) were from milk; <jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic> (1), <jats:italic>M. szulgai<\/jats:italic> (2) and <jats:italic>M. litorale<\/jats:italic> (1) were from humans. Risk factors included the following: Turkana breed (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.4; 95% CI: 1.2\u20139.3), replacements from outside the County (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.1; 95% CI: 0.3\u201312.3), presence of other domestic species (small stock; OR\u00a0=\u00a04.6) and replacement from within the herd (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.2; 95% CI: 0.7\u201314.7). Zoonotic risk practices included raw milk consumption, shared housing and handling camels. Monitoring of zoonotic NTM through surveillance and notification systems is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T12:05:31Z","timestamp":1595419531000},"page":"713-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Isolation, identification and associated risk factors of non\u2010tuberculous mycobacteria infection in humans and dromedary camels in Samburu County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5493-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas L. 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