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The present study aimed to provide the first evaluation of swimming pools in Brazil, analysing the presence of pathogenic protozoa (\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) by parasitological and molecular methods. A total of 57 samples were collected from 21 public swimming pools, either directly from the pool or filter backwash water and concentrated using the membrane filtration technique.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    cysts and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts were visualized by direct immunofluorescence assay after purification by immunomagnetic separation.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts were detected by autofluorescence visualization using the supernatant discarded during the purification step as a sample. Positive samples were submitted to molecular analysis. The molecular markers were used:\n                    <jats:italic>SSU\u2010rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tpi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bg<\/jats:italic>\n                    , for\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA amplification, and\n                    <jats:italic>18S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene fragment amplification was used for the\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts. The 529\n                    <jats:italic>\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    bp repeat element (REP529) fragment and the 35\u2010fold repetitive B1 gene were employed as a target for\n                    <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Amplified products were submitted to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    cysts were detected in 19.0% and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts in 9.5% of swimming pools. In one swimming pool (4.7%), both protozoa were detected on at least one occasion. Structures similar to\n                    <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts were detected in 33.3% of the samples, ranging from one to 23 per slide.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    was confirmed by DNA amplification in three swimming pools;\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Assemblage A was identified by the phylogenetic positioning of the \u03b2\u2010giardin gene.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was detected in 14.2% of swimming pools. The present study represents the first report of the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts in swimming pools. Recreational activity in swimming pools contaminated by chlorine\u2010resistant protozoa can represent a high risk of infection for bathers and swimmers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T12:40:12Z","timestamp":1596890412000},"page":"785-795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma<\/i>\n                    <i>gondii<\/i>\n                    oocysts,\n                    <i>Giardia<\/i>\n                    cysts and\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n                    oocysts in outdoor swimming pools in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Carolina Ortiz","family":"Pineda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Protozoologia Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Averaldo Guiguet","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia Ambiental Departamento de Patologia B\u00e1sica, Setor de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1 (UFPR) Curitiba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vagner Ricardo da Silva","family":"Fiuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Parasitologia Animal Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00f4mica e Express\u00e3o Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e Bioagentes Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Borelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00f4mica e Express\u00e3o Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e Bioagentes Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Durigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Laurel MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda F\u00e1tima Jesus","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Parasit\u00e1rias Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva e Sa\u00fade Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina Maura","family":"Bueno Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Protozoologia Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815003040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01152-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00422-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02900-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198209093071107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis: Outbreak in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, should be confirmed as the world\u2019s largest","author":"Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species and Giardia genotypes detected in surface water supply of Campinas, Southeast Brazil, by molecular methods","volume":"3","author":"Bueno Franco R. 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