{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:02:56Z","timestamp":1790528576770,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004157","name":"Maj ja Tor Nesslingin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202000060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202000060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004012","name":"Jane ja Aatos Erkon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most tick\u2010related studies in Europe have been conducted in nonurban areas, but ticks and tick\u2010borne pathogens also occur in urban green spaces. From a public health perspective, risks regarding tick\u2010borne infections should be studied in these urban areas, where contacts between infected ticks and humans may be more frequent than elsewhere, due to high human activity. We examined the risk of encountering an infected tick in urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland. We collected ticks at nine sites throughout Helsinki, recorded the prevalence of several pathogens and identified areas with a high potential for contacts between infected ticks and humans. Moreover, we explored the relationship between the density of <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu lato\u2010infected ticks and locally diagnosed cases of borreliosis and compared the potential for human\u2010tick encounters in Helsinki to those in nonurban areas in south\u2010western Finland. During 34.8\u00a0km of cloth dragging, 2,417 <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> were caught (402 adults, 1,399 nymphs and 616 larvae). From analysed nymphs, we found 11 distinct tick\u2010borne pathogens, with 31.5% of nymphs carrying at least one pathogen. Tick activity was highest in August and September, leading to the density of nymphs infected with <jats:italic>B.\u00a0burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l., and concurrently infection risk, to also be highest during this time. Nymph densities varied between the sampling sites, with obvious implications to spatial variation in infection risk. While ticks and tick\u2010borne pathogens were found in both Helsinki and nonurban areas in south\u2010western Finland, the estimates of human activity were generally higher in urban green spaces, leading to a higher potential for human\u2010tick contacts therein. The presence of ticks and tick\u2010borne pathogens and high local human activity in urban green spaces suggest that they form potential foci regarding the acquisition of tick\u2010borne infections. Risk areas within cities should be identified and knowledge regarding urban ticks increased.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T10:28:47Z","timestamp":1600943327000},"page":"823-839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Enhanced threat of tick\u2010borne infections within cities? Assessing public health risks due to ticks in urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6763-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jani Jukka","family":"Sormunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Museum Biodiversity Unit University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Kulha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Marine Research Centre Finnish Environment Institute Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tero","family":"Klemola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella\u2010Maria","family":"Vesilahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero Juhani","family":"Vesterinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Museum Biodiversity Unit University of Turku Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1503-8","article-title":"Molecular detection of Babesia capreoli and Babesia venatorum in wild Swedish roe deer, Capreolus Capreolus","volume":"9","author":"Andersson M. O.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1885","article-title":"Increase in ticks and Lyme borreliosis, yet research into its prevention on the wane","volume":"16","author":"Beaujean D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector\u2010borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00342-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) and their medical importance in the urban environment","author":"Dautel H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw092"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-018-0163-7","article-title":"An updated meta\u2010analysis of the distribution and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in ticks in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Estrada\u2010Pe\u00f1a A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Ticks of Europe and North Africa: A guide to species identification","author":"Estrada\u2010Pe\u00f1a A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05925.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4484-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of tick\u2010borne disease risk factors in residential yards, neighborhoods, and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Fischhoff I. R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"The development and seasonal activity of the tick Ixodes ricinus: A vector of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"79","author":"Gray J. S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103845"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3105-y","article-title":"Decrease in tick bite consultations and stabilization of early Lyme borreliosis in the Netherlands in 2014 after 15 years of continuous increase","volume":"16","author":"Hofhuis A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00813.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-184","article-title":"Why is tick\u2010borne encephalitis increasing? A review of the key factors causing the increasing incidence of human TBE in Sweden","volume":"5","author":"Jaenson T. G. T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1658-3","article-title":"First evidence of established populations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Jaenson T. G. T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-84"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.12.013"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800101","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.9.1800101","article-title":"Predicting and mapping human risk of exposure to Ixodes ricinus nymphs using climatic and environmental data, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 2016","volume":"24","author":"Kj\u00e6r L. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-019-00854-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2391-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3131-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07961-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1240-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008879"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-007-0045-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2500-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-156","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of Babesia spp. in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway","volume":"5","author":"\u00d8ines \u00d8.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.01.004"},{"issue":"27","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19606","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.27.19606-en","article-title":"Human activities predominate in determining changing incidence of tick\u2010borne encephalitis in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Randolph S. E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)10072-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0668"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007615109273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.161273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-135","article-title":"Occurrence of Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in Ixodes ricinus in Bavarian public parks, Germany","volume":"4","author":"Schorn S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2015.06.001","article-title":"Agent\u2010based modelling of the spatial pattern of leisure visitation in forests: A case study in Wallonia, south Belgium","volume":"71","author":"Sen L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Modelling & Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0013873818040115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Biology of Ticks","author":"Sonenshine D. E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0188-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1449-x","article-title":"Tick\u2010borne bacterial pathogens in southwestern Finland","volume":"9","author":"Sormunen J. J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00609\u201017","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00609-17","article-title":"Europe\u2010wide meta\u2010analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"83","author":"Strnad M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-06"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.4.521","article-title":"Increasing geographical distribution and density of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Central and Northern Sweden","volume":"35","author":"T\u00e4lleklint L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.5.805","article-title":"Relationship between Ixodes ricinus density and prevalence of infection with Borrelia\u2010Like spirochetes and density of infected ticks","volume":"33","author":"T\u00e4lleklint L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8448","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v4i0.8448","article-title":"The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick\u2010borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia","volume":"4","author":"Tokarevich N. K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30020","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.37.30020","article-title":"Surveillance of endemic foci of tick\u2010borne encephalitis in Finland 1995\u20132013","volume":"20","author":"Tonteri E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lyme disease in Western Europe: An emerging problem? A systematic review","author":"Vandekerckhove O.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Clinica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001486"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Coincidence of three pathogens [Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti] in Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Lublin macroregion","volume":"16","author":"W\u00f3jcik\u2010Fatla A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710-33.2.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3164-3168.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06621-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00488-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-74","article-title":"Prevalence of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from North\u2010west Europe","volume":"5","author":"Jahfari S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.5.1361-1365.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-019-00854-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3131-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.90-98.2004","article-title":"Rickettsia species infecting Amblyomma cooperi ticks from an area in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, where Brazilian spotted fever is endemic","volume":"42","author":"Labruna M. B.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1005.030437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00168-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_13_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Coexistence DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus ticks from north\u2010western Poland","author":"Skotarczak B.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0262-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0188-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2013.799288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081439"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12767","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12767","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T20:49:05Z","timestamp":1693860545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12767","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}