{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:02:41Z","timestamp":1783533761638,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rabies is a historical scourge as well as one of the most neglected infectious diseases. While the developed world has rolled back dog\u2010mediated human rabies, thanks to social interventions and modern rabies vaccines, African and Asian countries still struggle with a significant burden due to this viral zoonosis. The Middle East, which includes both Asian and African countries, still has localities in which dog\u2010mediated rabies remains endemic although it is the region that first documented rabies historically. The oldest putative record of this fatal encephalitis may date back at least 4,000\u00a0years and is believed to originate from ancient Mesopotamia. In this historical review, we describe rabies through three major time periods (ancient, the Islamic Golden Age and more recent history) of the Middle East. Inarguably, the Middle East experienced great medical development during the Islamic Golden Age. Proof of early rabies prevention, control and proposed treatment strategies existed which we only perceive anew via modern science. Such rabies strategies were neglected severely due in no small part to the influence of Middle Eastern rulers, who steered scholars away from this field to a broader toxicological focus, because they feared assassination from poisoning. Such setbacks are coupled with constant social and political unrest and continuous wars in the Middle East to modern times. This situation leads to an inconstancy in rabies surveillance and reporting of data, neglect of prevention and control strategies, and subsequently a devolvement of rabies management strategies in this unstable region of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:14:18Z","timestamp":1606209258000},"page":"697-703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Notes on three periods of rabies focus in the Middle East: From progress during the cradle of civilization to neglected current history"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2513-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Bannazadeh Baghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LYSSA LLC Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809554-6.00002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369366-2\/50003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5030067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31729-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.2.766"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Study on molecular characterization of rabies virus N gene segment from different animal species in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"6","author":"Body M. H. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24186\/vakanuvis.303270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.09.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Rabies: A comprehensive review of traditional persian medicine literature","volume":"6","author":"Esnaashary M. H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Research on History of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Rabies and hydrophobia: Their history, nature, causes, symptoms, and prevention","author":"Fleming G.","year":"1872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00263206.2018.1432482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003786"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Kuduz Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na D\u00e2ir \u0130lk Kitab\u0131m\u0131z: Kuduz \u0130lleti ve Ted\u00e2v\u00eesi","volume":"23","author":"Karacao\u011flu E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics\u2010Law and History"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230277397"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Remembering Marcel Baltazard, Great Researcher and the French President of Pasteur Institute of Iran","volume":"20","author":"Keypour M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Historical perspective of rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin","author":"King A. A.","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Paul Ambroise REMLINGER: A Pasteurien in Turkey and his studies on rabies","volume":"160","author":"Melikoglu B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revue M\u00e9d. V\u00e9t"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853097X00204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2012.02033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28937-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Ikinci Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6neminde Koruyucu Hekimlik ve Bazi Vesikalar","volume":"34","author":"\u00d6lmez A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Belgeler"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"WHO expert consultation on rabies: Third report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"729","article-title":"Historical, current and expected future occurrence of rabies in enzootic regions","volume":"37","author":"Rupprecht C. E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"711","article-title":"Global rabies management: Perspectives on regional strategies for prevention and control","volume":"37","author":"Rupprecht C. E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","volume-title":"Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian medicine: Ancient sources, translations, and modern medical analyses","author":"Scurlock J. A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15398285.2010.502022"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Al\u2010qanun fi al\u2010tibb [the canon of medicine]","volume":"437","author":"Sina I.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alaalami Library, Beirut"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.2.777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Rabies in the course of Iranian history","author":"Tajbakhsh H.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2020005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Histoire de la rage: Cave canem","author":"Th\u00e9odorid\u00e8s J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/za-1993-0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","volume-title":"Rabid: A Cultural History of the World\u2019s Most Diabolical Virus","author":"Wasik B.","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12781","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12781","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T05:43:03Z","timestamp":1693287783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12781","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}