{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:51:12Z","timestamp":1792119072173,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]],"date-time":"2021-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), policymakers need an overview of evolution and trends of AMR in relevant animal reservoirs, and livestock is monitored by susceptibility testing of sentinel organisms such as commensal <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>. Such monitoring data are often vast and complex and generates a need for outcome indicators that summarize AMR for multiple antimicrobial classes. Model\u2010based clustering is a data\u2010driven approach that can help to objectively summarize AMR in animal reservoirs. In this study, a model\u2010based cluster analysis was carried out on a dataset of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), recoded to binary variables, for 10 antimicrobials of commensal <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> isolates (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012,986) derived from four animal species (broilers, pigs, veal calves and dairy cows) in Dutch AMR monitoring, 2007\u20132018. This analysis revealed four clusters in commensal <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> in livestock containing 201 unique resistance combinations. The prevalence of these combinations and clusters differs between animal species. Our results indicate that to monitor different animal populations, more than one indicator for multidrug resistance seems necessary. We show how these clusters summarize multidrug resistance and have potential as monitoring outcome indicators to benchmark and prioritize AMR problems in livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]],"date-time":"2021-01-17T08:25:26Z","timestamp":1610871926000},"page":"194-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance clusters in commensal <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> from livestock"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5240-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayla","family":"Hesp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Lelystad The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cajo","family":"ter Braak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometris Wageningen University &amp; Research Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanet","family":"van der Goot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Crisis Organisation Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Lelystad The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"Veldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Lelystad The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerdien","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal GD Deventer The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Farm Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dik","family":"Mevius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Lelystad The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.865189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1862-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1486027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing(2019). Antimicrobial wild type distributions of microorganisms. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eucast.org\/mic_distributions_and_ecoffs\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority(2012). Technical specifications on the harmonised monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Campylobacter and indicator Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. bacteria transmitted through food.Retrieved from. https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/2742."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"e05017","article-title":"ECDC, EFSA and EMA Joint Scientific Opinion on a list of outcome indicators as regards surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption in humans and food\u2010producing animals","volume":"15","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. K.Vermunteditors.Hagenaars A.McCutcheon applied latent class analysis. :Cambridge University Press.2002. pp.89\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499531.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1216-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.25.1800438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00336"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"e000135","article-title":"Communicating trends in resistance using a drug resistance index","volume":"1","author":"Laxminarayan R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"08","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23274","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v011.i08","article-title":"FlexMix: A General framework for finite mixture models and latent class regression in R","volume":"011","author":"Leisch F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2044-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02342-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-014-0874-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J.(2016). Tackling drug\u2010resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations. The review on antimicrobial resistance. Chaired by Jim O'Neill. (2016). Retrieved from https:\/\/amr\u2010review.org\/Publications.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"SDa(2018). Usage of Antibiotics in Agricultural Livestock in the Netherlands in 2018. Retrieved from https:\/\/cdn.i\u2010pulse.nl\/autoriteitdiergeneesmiddelen\/userfiles\/Publications\/2018\u2010def\u2010rapport1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"European Commission(2013). Commission implementing decision on the monitoring and reporting of antibmicrobial resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria 2013\/652\/EU Stat (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1185510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"Veldman K. T. Mevius D. J. Wit B. VanPelt W.Franz E. &Heederik D.(2019). Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic usage in animals in The Netherlands in 2018. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.wur.nl\/upload_mm\/a\/7\/9\/89640bbc\u201053a2\u201040f0\u2010ba4a\u2010a9a34a7bf416_Nethmap%20Maran%202019.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2015). Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 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