{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:39:17Z","timestamp":1789015157015,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Reptiles are carriers of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n and can intermittently shed bacteria in their faeces. Contact with snakes and lizards is a source of human salmonellosis. Here, two populations of reptiles, wild and captive were surveyed for\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n . One hundred thirty wild\u2010caught reptiles were sampled for\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n including 2 turtle, 9 snake and 31 lizard species. Fifty\u2010two of 130 (40%) animals were\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n positive: one of 5 (20%) turtles, 7 of 14 (50%) snakes and 44 of 111 (39.6%) lizards. One hundred twenty\u2010two reptiles were sampled from a zoo collection including 1 turtle, 6 tortoise, 9 lizard, 14 snake and 1 crocodile species. Forty\u2010two of 122 (34.4%) captive reptiles sampled were\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n positive.\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n was most commonly isolated from lizards and snakes. Fifteen serotypes were identified from zoo and 19 from wild\u2010caught reptiles and most were members of subspecies\n enterica<\/jats:italic>\n (I),\n salamae<\/jats:italic>\n (II),\n arizonae<\/jats:italic>\n (IIIa) or\n diarizonae<\/jats:italic>\n (IIIb). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on all\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n isolates; only two exhibited resistance, a\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n subsp. (II) ser. 21:z\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n :z\n 6<\/jats:sub>\n (Wandsbek) isolate cultured from a wild\u2010caught reptile and a\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n Typhimurium DT120 isolated from a captive snake. The invasive capacity of reptile\u2010associated\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n strains into cultured human intestinal epithelial (Caco2) and mouse macrophages cell lines (J774A.1) was also investigated. All isolates were invasive into both cell lines. Significant (P\n \n 0.001) variability in invasiveness into polarized Caco2 cells was observed.\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n Eastbourne exhibited the highest invasiveness into Caco2 cells and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n Chester the lowest, with mean per cent recoveries of 19.99\n \n 0.32 and 1.23\n \n 0.30, respectively. Invasion into J774A.1 macrophages was also variable but was not significant.\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n subsp. II ser. 17:g,t:\u2010 (Bleadon) exhibited the highest invasiveness into J774A.1 with a mean per cent recovery of 10.19\n \n 0.19. Thus, reptile\u2010associated Salmonellae are likely to have different capacities to cause disease in humans.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T02:27:21Z","timestamp":1614738441000},"page":"402-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["In vitro invasiveness and antimicrobial resistance of\n Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n subspecies isolated from wild and captive reptiles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"McWhorter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide Roseworthy SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Valcanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Microbiological Diagnostic Unit\u2013Public Health Laboratory University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liberty","family":"Olds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Zoo Zoos South Australia SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dunkeld Pastoral Co Pty Ltd Dunkeld Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Zoo Zoos South Australia SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide Roseworthy SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McLelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Zoo Zoos South Australia SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.02.002"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"18902","article-title":"Salmonella infections associated with reptiles: The current situation in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Bertrand S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-0502-0"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Turtle\u2010associated salmonellosis, United States, 2006\u20132014","volume":"22","author":"Bosch S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2465-2467.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-019-00798-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals","author":"CLSI","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Overview: foodborne pathogens in wildlife populations","author":"Erickson M. 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