{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:07:38Z","timestamp":1747188458980,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In humans, hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for an acute enterically transmitted hepatitis, which can become chronic in immune\u2010compromised patients. Genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV\u20103 and HEV\u20104) are zoonotic, and domestic pigs and wild boar are the main reservoirs. The occurrence of autochthonous cases in Europe, which have been increasing over the last 10\u00a0years, has been associated with food\u2010borne zoonotic transmission of HEV\u20103, mainly linked to consumption of undercooked or raw pork products (sausages containing liver) and wild boar meat. Zoonotic HEV\u20103 strains are widespread on pig farms, but little information is available on the dynamic of HEV\u20103 infection within farms, among pigs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of the infection among pigs of different ages along the production chain by the zoonotic HEVs, and to evaluate how long the virus may persist in the farm environment. The presence of HEV\u2010RNA was investigated by real\u2010time reverse transcription PCR (RT\u2010PCR) in 281 test faecal pools over 19\u00a0months (2017\u20132019) on a two\u2010site farrow\u2010to\u2010finish farm (about 1,000 sows), in Northern Italy. A total of 67\/281 test faecal pools (23.8%) resulted positive for the presence of HEV\u2010RNA (site 1: 59\/221, 26.7%; site 2: 8\/60, 13.3%). Nucleotide sequencing revealed a unique HEV\u20103 viral variant circulating during 19\u00a0months of surveillance. The same HEV\u20103 strain was detected in the same farm on 2012, indicating the persistence of the same virus over 7\u00a0years, and highlighting the role of the environment as a continuous source of infection on pig farms. The results confirmed the circulation of the zoonotic genotype HEV\u20103 in pigs before slaughtering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T10:20:18Z","timestamp":1619950818000},"page":"474-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Long\u2010term surveillance for hepatitis E virus in an Italian two\u2010site farrow\u2010to\u2010finish swine farm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8053-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ianiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Chelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"De Sabato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Monini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1122-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Ostanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Science University of Bologna Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO) Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Di Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)31147-X"},{"issue":"137","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of HEV genotype 3 in Italy at human\/animal interface","volume":"11","author":"De Sabato L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12948"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1597-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2778-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(99)00052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02990"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus: An emerging foodborne pathogen","volume":"2","author":"Harrison L. 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