{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T13:41:12Z","timestamp":1769262072528,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000003","name":"ArcticNet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rabies occurs throughout the Arctic, representing an ongoing public health concern for residents of northern communities. The Arctic fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes lagopus<\/jats:italic>) is the main reservoir of the Arctic rabies virus variant, yet little is known about the epidemiology of Arctic rabies, such as the ecological mechanisms driving where and when epizootics in fox populations occur. In this study, we provide the first portrait of the spatio\u2010temporal spread of rabies across northern Canada. We also explore the impact of seasonal and multiannual dynamics in Arctic fox populations and climatic factors on rabies transmission dynamics. We analysed data on rabies cases collected through passive surveillance systems in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik and Labrador from 1953 to 2014. In addition, we analysed a large and unique database of trapped foxes tested for rabies in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut from 1974 to 1984 as part of active surveillance studies. Rabies cases occurred in all Arctic regions of Canada and were relatively synchronous among foxes and dogs (<jats:italic>Canis familiaris)<\/jats:italic>. This study highlights the spread of Arctic rabies virus variant across northern Canada, with contrasting rabies dynamics between different yet connected areas. Population fluctuations of Arctic fox populations could drive rabies transmission dynamics in a complex way across northern Canada. Furthermore, this study suggests different impacts of climate and sea ice cover on the onset of rabies epizootics in northern Canada. These results lay the groundwork for the development of epidemiological models to better predict the spatio\u2010temporal dynamics of rabies occurrence in both wild and domestic carnivores, leading to better estimates of human exposure and transmission risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T06:38:40Z","timestamp":1620974320000},"page":"601-608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ecology of Arctic rabies: 60 years of disease surveillance in the warming climate of northern Canada"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"B\u00e9langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fehlner\u2010Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Expertise for Rabies Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lecomte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology and Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes Nordiques Department of Biology University of Moncton Moncton NB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Saint\u2010Hyacinthe QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0923-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198515562.003.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2002)713<0001:AL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Banks Island Arctic fox studies: Age structure and rabies infection from 1973\u20131974 trapline returns","author":"Beak Consultants LTD","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-92.6.S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.566470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00599.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjr31-106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3184\/003685008X327468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33265\/polar.v38.3512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2006.00078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0285-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Rabies in the Northwest Territories","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"EpiNorth. GNWT Department of Health and Social Services"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-45-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America","author":"Novak M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-28.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-015-0917-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1972.10666170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Alaskan wildlife diseases","author":"Ritter D.","year":"1981"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Prevalence of rabies virus in foxes trapped in the Canadian Arctic","volume":"21","author":"Secord D. C.","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359010070034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"Taking the Bite Out of Rabies: The Evolution of Rabies Management in Canada","author":"Simon A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","article-title":"Dynamics and persistence of rabies in the Arctic","volume":"38","author":"Simon A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polar Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-010-0780-5"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12848","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12848","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12848","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T22:43:12Z","timestamp":1693348992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12848","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}