{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:49:05Z","timestamp":1776127745922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013392","name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et des Services sociaux","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012016","name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Foci of high seroprevalence against <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> are observed in Nunavik, the Inuit land of Northern Quebec (Canada). Considering the rare occurrence of felids in the region, exposure is suspected to be driven by water\u2010 and food\u2010borne transmission routes. Hypotheses were that drinking untreated water from natural sources and eating country food mostly raw increased the risk of exposure to the parasite. Data from 1,300 Inuit participants of the 2017 Nunavik Health Survey were included in three weighted robust Poisson regression models. The effect of three types of exposure variables: (1) water treatment (yes\/no) and if country food was mostly eaten raw (yes\/no); (2) main source of drinking water (bottled\/municipal\/natural) and frequency of country food consumption (continuous) and (3) drinking water risk (low\/intermediate\/high) and frequency of a raw country food consumption (continuous), on the presence of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> antibodies were estimated. Models were adjusted for age, sex and ecological region, with multiple sensitivity analyses being performed. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalences were consistently correlated with age quadratically, sex (prevalence ratio\u00a0=\u00a0PR<jats:sub>woman\/man<\/jats:sub> ranged from 1.18 to 1.22), ecological region (PR<jats:sub>HudsonBay\/HudsonStrait<\/jats:sub> ranged from 2.18 to 2.41; PR<jats:sub>HudsonBay\/UngavaBay<\/jats:sub> ranged from 1.52 to 1.59) and consuming bivalve mollusc\/urchin (PR varied from 1.02 to 1.21) across all three models. Each increase of two consumptions per month of beluga (PR ranged from 1.01 to 1.03), seal liver (PR ranged from 1.01 to 1.02) and goose (PR ranged from 1.01 to 1.02) were also associated with seropositivity, albeit more clearly in models 2 and 3, while drinking water mainly from natural (PR of 1.47) or municipal (PR\u00a0=\u00a01.42) sources compared to bottled water, was correlated with seroprevalence, although results were compatible with the null. Our results suggest that both the oocyst\u2010 (mollusc\/urchin, drinking water) and cyst\u2010borne (walrus, seal liver and goose) transmission pathways could be present in Nunavik.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T06:22:06Z","timestamp":1626157326000},"page":"803-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Epidemiology associated with the exposure to <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> in Nunavik\u2019s Inuit population using the 2017 <i>Qanuilirpitaa<\/i> cross\u2010sectional health survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3497-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Ducrocq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2010Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center Axe sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Momar","family":"Ndao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Parasitology Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases McGill University Health Centre Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cedric P.","family":"Yansouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases McGill University Health Centre Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Proulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services Kuujjuaq QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myrto","family":"Mondor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2010Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center Axe sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Hamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"L\u00e9vesque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"},{"name":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaston","family":"De Serres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"},{"name":"Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2010Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center Axe sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.05.012"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"e1103","article-title":"Toxoplasma infection in an immunocompetent host: Possible risk of living with multiple cats","volume":"9","author":"Akturk H. K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3408-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Nutrition and food consumption among the Inuit of Nunavik. Nunavik Inuit Health Survey 2004. Qanuippitaa? How Are We? Qu\u00e9bec","author":"Blanchet C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(13)70107-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Cree communities of James Bay and Northern Qu\u00e9bec: Survey of water and wastewater infrastructures","author":"BPR Groupe Conseil","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"L\u2019eau potable au Nunavik : \u00c9tat de la situation et recommandations","author":"Caron M. N.","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"334","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy","volume":"60","author":"Chaudhry S. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5832-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Effect of refrigeration and freezing on survival of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts","volume":"50","author":"Djurkovic\u2010Djakovic O.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey J. P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Rapport sur l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019eau et des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes aquatiques au Qu\u00e9bec: De l\u2019eau du nord au sud et d\u2019est en ouest","author":"Gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0149-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 \u2013 How Are We Now? Nunavik Inuit Health Survey \u2010 2017 Methodological Report","author":"Hamel D.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-46.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-078"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Evaluation of the toxoplasmosis screening program among pregnant Nunavik (Canada) women Between 1994\u20132003","volume":"18","author":"L\u00e9vesque B.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00597"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Drinking water and potential threats to human health in Nunavik: Adaptation strategies under climate change conditions","volume":"60","author":"Martin D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.4.769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Zoonotic disease, drinking water and gastroenteritis in Nunavik: A brief portrait","author":"Messier V.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.6.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Programme de pr\u00e9vention et de contr\u00f4le de la toxoplasmose cong\u00e9nitale au Nunavik","author":"Proulx J. F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v45i78a03"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/370321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.928"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"188","volume-title":"La toxoplasmose chez les Inuit: Investigation de l\u2019\u00e9cologie de Toxoplasma gondii dans l\u2019Arctique Canadien","author":"Simon A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4711-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang Z.\u2010D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12870","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12870","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12870","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T05:41:24Z","timestamp":1693287684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12870","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}