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Survey of indoor and outdoor habitats was carried out using sticky traps in 31 villages of Dargai and Batkhela tehsils of Malakand. Soil from habitats of adult and immature sand flies was analysed. Questionnaire\u2010based household survey was also performed in these villages to assess risk factors associated with CL. Soil samples from selected CL positive households were analysed for its contents. Additionally, clinicoepidemiological data from local health centres was examined for the year 2019. Total of 3,140 sand flies belonging to 18 species were collected. <jats:italic>Phlebotomus sergenti<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant species (38.16%). Its abundance had a strong positive correlation with mean monthly relative humidity and negative correlation with average temperature. <jats:italic>Phlebotomus sergenti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic> were abundant at an elevation ranging from 320 to 1,120\u00a0m above sea level and in agricultural lands near human settlements. Flight height preference apparatus collected maximum sand flies at 30\u00a0cm (1ft) above the ground and all species associated negatively with height. Soil analysis from habitats of adult and immature flies showed that highest mean number of adults and immatures were recorded from silt loam which carried highest concentrations of K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, Mg, Ca, and Zn. Number of immature sand flies correlated moderately (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) with K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O soil concentrations. There was significant similarity between organic matter contents in soil samples from positive breeding sites and CL households (Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.1976). In multivariate analysis model for CL risk factors, age (26\u201335 and &gt;35\u00a0years), knowledge of leishmaniasis, living in a middle and upper class, preachers visit to villages, and assumption that Afghan refugees are more prone to CL were significant. CL patient's archived data from health centres showed that majority of patients had lesions on face and hands. Patient's influx was highest in February and March.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T16:05:32Z","timestamp":1631462732000},"page":"33-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterization of sand fly breeding sites in district Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and evaluation of risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Khurshaid","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazma Habib","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhat","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihtisham","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Badshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 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