{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:26:20Z","timestamp":1780730780659,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In December 2018, PulseNet, the national laboratory network for enteric disease surveillance, identified an increase in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium isolates with an uncommon pulsed\u2010field gel electrophoresis pattern which was previously isolated from hedgehogs. CDC, state, and local health partners interviewed patients with a questionnaire that focused on hedgehog exposures, conducted traceback of patients' hedgehog purchases, and collected hedgehog faecal pellets and environmental samples. Isolates in this outbreak were analysed using core\u2010genome multi\u2010locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and compared to sequence data from historic clinical isolates from a 2011\u20132013 outbreak of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium illnesses linked to pet hedgehogs. Fifty\u2010four illnesses in 23 states were identified between October 2018 and September 2019. Patients ranged from &lt;1 to 95\u00a0years, and 65% were female. Eight patients were hospitalized. Eighty\u2010one per cent (29\/36) of patients interviewed reported contact with a hedgehog before becoming ill; of these, 21 (72%) reported owning a hedgehog. Analysis of 53 clinical, 11 hedgehog, and two hedgehog bedding isolates from this outbreak, seven hedgehog isolates obtained prior to this outbreak, and two clinical isolates from the 2011\u20132013 outbreak fell into three distinct groupings (37 isolates in Clade 1 [0\u201310 alleles], 28 isolates in Clade 2 [0\u20137 alleles], and eight isolates in Clade 3 [0\u201312 alleles]) and were collectively related within 0\u201331 alleles by cgMLST. Purchase information available from 20 patients showed hedgehogs were purchased from multiple breeders across nine states, a pet store, and through an online social media website; a single source of hedgehogs was not identified. This outbreak highlights the ability of genetic sequencing analysis to link historic and ongoing <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> illness outbreaks and demonstrates the strain of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> linked to hedgehogs might continue to be a health risk to hedgehog owners unless measures are taken to prevent transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T03:08:37Z","timestamp":1642648117000},"page":"167-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multistate outbreak of <i>Salmonella<\/i> Typhimurium linked to pet hedgehogs, United States, 2018\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4353-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"Hoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megin","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Gollarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joni","family":"Scheftel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health  Saint Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of Public Health Laboratories  Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin A.","family":"Tagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Weems Design Studio Inc.  Decatur Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Francois Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasha","family":"Poissant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health Authority  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1784-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Sean","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Morningstar\u2010Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Bacteriology and Pathobiology Laboratory National Veterinary Services Laboratories United States Department of Agriculture  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Signs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services  Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Bidol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services  Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services  Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Basler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Advice to pet owners","author":"CDC","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for enteric bacteria (NARMS): Human isolates surveillance report for 2015 (Final report)","author":"CDC","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Stay healthy around small pets","author":"CDC","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Antibiotic resistant threats in the United States, 2019","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"April 2019 Zoonoses and One Health Updates (ZOHU) call","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to pet hedgehogs","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Salmonella questions and answers","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Foodborne outbreaks SEDRIC: System for enteric disease response, investigation, and coordination","author":"CDC","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"National notifiable diseases surveillance system foodborne diseases outbreak 2011 case definition","author":"CDC","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Foodnet fast population survey","author":"CDC","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing CLSI supplement M100","author":"CLSI","year":"2021"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"African pygmy hedgehog\u2013associated Salmonella tilene in Canada","volume":"23","author":"Craig C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canada Communicable Disease Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919881650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01030\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Public health notice: Outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to pet hedgehogs","author":"PHAC","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6742a6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2637"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Animal Welfare Act and animal welfare regulations","author":"USDA","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"Licensing and registration under the Animal Welfare Act","author":"USDA","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Veterinarians' role in preventing zoonotic salmonellosis from hedgehog","volume":"258","author":"Waltenburg M. 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