{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:08Z","timestamp":1790709728537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000805","name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are sand fly\u2010borne protozoan parasites causing leishmaniasis in humans and animals. The aim of the study was to analyse the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia from 2005 to 2020 and evaluate the associated risk for disease emergence in European countries. It is based on an analysis of WHO and OIE reported cases between 2005 and 2020, a review of scientific articles published in SCOPUS between 2009 and 2020 and a questionnaire survey to public health and veterinary authorities in these countries. Endemic\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. include\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the three countries,\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Azerbaijan and Turkey and\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Turkey. Leishmaniasis is reported in humans, animals and sand flies and incidence is spatially and temporarily variable. In the southern Caucasus and particularly in Georgia, reported incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis by\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains high. However, whilst Georgia experienced a gradual decrease from &gt;4.0 cases per 100,000 population in 2005\u201309 to 1.13 cases per 100,000 population in 2020, the period with highest incidence in Azerbaijan, which ranged between 0.40 and 0.61 cases per 100,000 population, was 2016\u20132019, and no cases have so far been reported for 2020. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Southern Caucasus affects mostly young children from deprived urban areas and its closely associated to canine leishmaniasis. Turkey reported cases of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005 and 2012 and in 2016 only, and incidence ranged between 0.02 and 0.05 per 100,000 population. In contrast, the reported annual incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey was much greater and peaked at 7.02 cases per 100,000 population in 2013, associated to imported cases from cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic Syria. Leishmaniasis by\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Azerbaijan and Georgia represents a regional public and animal health challenge that requires support to improve diagnosis, treatment and control. The unprecedented rise of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the spread of\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Turkey is an important risk factor for their emergence in Europe, especially in Mediterranean countries where competent vectors are widespread.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T03:40:49Z","timestamp":1653536449000},"page":"395-407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Yusuf","family":"\u00d6zbel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seray","family":"T\u00f6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9847-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d Universidad de Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ortu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d Universidad de Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarima","family":"Jumakanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d Universidad de Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Cutillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda Universidad de Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Baneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Van der Stede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line M.","family":"Gossner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0721-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Berriatua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d Universidad de Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01242-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Identification of causative species in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Diyarbak\u0131r by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)\u2010restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (RFLP)","volume":"6","author":"Akpolat N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Archives of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3166\/bspe-2018-0057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014014"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis around the Aegean cost of Turkey","volume":"16","author":"Atasoy A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis by the microculture method and IFAT in dogs in Kirikkale","volume":"34","author":"Aydeniz\u00f6z M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1558-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1508-73"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Investigating the seroprevalance of leishmaniasis in four dog shelters in Antalya and its districts","volume":"33","author":"Balcio\u01e7lu I. C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2706.210239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2016.4036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.15616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.05.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"499","article-title":"A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in a non\u2010endemic province (Ankara) of Turkey","volume":"46","author":"Din\u00e7er D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0322"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5505\/TurkHijyen.2014.56833"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2016.4507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [ECDC](n.d.).ECDC web app. Viewer. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/gis.ecdc.europa.eu\/portal\/apps\/webappviewer\/index.html?id=e41fb4bd32fb4a57be8dded357e88115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.181359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72386-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","volume-title":"Manual on case management and surveillance of the leishmaniais in the WHO European region","author":"Gradoni L.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/ced.2011.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02694.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06392-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000803"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv064"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Seroprevalence of leishmaniosis among healthy dogs in Istanbul","volume":"75","author":"Koenhemsi L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2016.21.10.30160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110712"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12698"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1650-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-008-9200-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.021"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of leishmaniasis in the former USSR: A review article","volume":"13","author":"Sergiev V.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0925-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"The serological and entomological survey of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Ayvacik Region of Canakkale Province, Turkey","volume":"33","author":"Tok H.","year":"2009","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002205"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Serological and entomological survey of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Denizli Province, Aegean Region, Turkey","volume":"32","author":"T\u00f6z S. \u00d6.","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Microbiologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"A serologic survey on canine leishmaniasis in Kocaeli, Sakarya, Mersin and Elaz\u0131\u011f Provinces of Turkey","volume":"73","author":"Utuk A. E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis country profile for Turkey","author":"World Health Organization [WHO]","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis country profile for Georgia","author":"World Health Organization [WHO]","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis country profile for Turkey","author":"World Health Organization [WHO]","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002576"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","first-page":"559","article-title":"Investigationof cutaneous leishmaniasis by active screening in primary schools in Sanliurfa, Turkey","volume":"50","author":"Yent\u00fcr Doni N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00227-w"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12977","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12977","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12977","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T03:32:08Z","timestamp":1692847928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12977"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12977","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}