{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:34:00Z","timestamp":1792712040279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobials are critical for medicine, but the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effectiveness of these valuable drugs. In USA, there are no national\u2010 or state\u2010level programs or policies in place to track antibiotic use (AU) in dogs, cats, and horses, despite acknowledgement of this sector's importance to both the AMR problem and its solution. AU measurement is a key part of antibiotic stewardship and AMR prevention. This study aimed to fill existing gaps in the veterinary professions' knowledge of antibiotic prescribing in small animals and horses. To address this aim, medical record data were collected on a single day per quarter for 1\u2009year from 19 Minnesota and North Dakota small animal and equine practices, totaling 1,899 veterinarian consults of dogs, cats, and horses. Overall, 25.8% of all canine, feline, and equine consults involved an antibiotic prescription. Third\u2010generation cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed systemic antibiotic drug class, and the long\u2010acting injectable drug, cefovecin, was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for cats (34.5%). Topical antibiotic preparations were prescribed frequently, especially in dogs (42.5% of canine prescriptions), though systemic antibiotics were often prescribed concurrently. Common general indications, based on problem or diagnosis recorded in the medical record, for antibiotics in all species combined were skin conditions (24.4%), otitis (22.1%), ophthalmic (9.4%), gastrointestinal (8.3%), respiratory (8.3%), and urinary tract (7.6%) diseases. While 44.2% of patients for which antibiotics were prescribed had cytology performed, only 3.9% had bacterial culture and susceptibility performed. In a pre\u2010study survey, veterinarians' recommendations for AU differed from actual prescribing, suggesting collection of AU data provides more accurate assessments of veterinary prescribing behaviour than surveys. This study shows feasibility of AU measurement in small animals and horses. The data collection tool and standard operating procedures described prove suitable for national AU data collection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T13:34:55Z","timestamp":1653831295000},"page":"864-874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A quarterly survey of antibiotic prescribing in small animal and equine practices\u2014Minnesota and North Dakota, 2020"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma R.","family":"Bollig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Granick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teckla L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Professions North Dakota State University  Fargo North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Beaudoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health  Saint Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"American Horse Council Foundation. (2018).2017 economic impact of the U.S. horse industry.https:\/\/www.horsecouncil.org\/resources\/economics\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association. (2018).AVMA Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook.https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/AVMA\u2010Pet\u2010Demographics\u2010Executive\u2010Summary.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association. (2022).The veterinarian\u2010client\u2010patient relationship (VCPR).https:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources\u2010tools\/pet\u2010owners\/petcare\/veterinarian\u2010client\u2010patient\u2010relationship\u2010vcpr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.8.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"British Small Animal Veterinary Association. (2018).BSAVA\/SAMSoc Guide to Responsible Use of Antibacterials: PROTECT ME.https:\/\/www.bsavalibrary.com\/content\/book\/10.22233\/9781910443644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16656706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00047\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014).2013 NCHS Urban\u2013Rural Classification Scheme for Counties.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/series\/sr_02\/sr02_166.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019).Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States 2019.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/pdf\/threats\u2010report\/2019\u2010ar\u2010threats\u2010report\u2010508.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA\u2010MS\u20106628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Federation of European Companion Animal Veterinary Associations. (2018)Recommendations for Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy.https:\/\/www.fecava.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/FECAVA\u2010Recommendations\u2010for\u2010Appropriate\u2010Antimicrobial\u2010ENGLISH\u20101.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine. (2018).Supporting Antimicrobial Stewardship in Veterinary Settings: Goals for Fiscal Years 2019\u20132023.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/115776\/download"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939\u20101676.2011.00835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348\u20100421.12466"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Dermatology details: The challenge of chronic otitis in dogs: From diagnosis to treatment","volume":"7","author":"Koch S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Today's Veterinary Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14627"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.12923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939\u20101676.2011.00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"Minnesota Board of Veterinary Medicine. (2021).Time Extension of Valid Veterinarian\u2010Client\u2010Patient Relationship (VCPR).https:\/\/mn.gov\/boards\/veterinary\u2010medicine\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.184374"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Out\u2010patient antimicrobial drug use in dogs and cats for new disease events from community companion animal practices in Ontario","volume":"53","author":"Murphy C. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). (2015).OIE List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance.https:\/\/www.oie.int\/app\/uploads\/2021\/03\/a\u2010oie\u2010list\u2010antimicrobials\u2010may2018.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.5.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939\u20101676.2011.00765.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2018).Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241515528"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019).2019 WHO AWaRe Classification Database of Antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHOEMPIAU2019.11"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12979","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.12979","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.12979","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T02:19:19Z","timestamp":1692670759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.12979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.12979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12979","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}