{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:11:41Z","timestamp":1787623901974,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In March 2022, an outbreak of Q fever (<jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>) with non\u2010occupational exposure was confirmed in a semi\u2010urban area in \u010cavle, Croatia. Veterinary and human epidemiological investigations were conducted to identify the source of the outbreak and to implement appropriate control measures. Three farms were settled next to each other near the homes of the first human cases at the end of the street. The closest farm was less than 500 meters away. These farms contained 161 adult sheep and goats. Among the animal samples analysed, all 16 goats (100%) and 24\/50 sheep (48%) tested positive for <jats:italic>C.\u00a0burnetii<\/jats:italic> IgM\/IgG antibodies, phase I and II. One out of five sheeps' vaginal swabs were <jats:italic>C.\u00a0burnetti<\/jats:italic> DNA positive. Human testing revealed 20 confirmed and three probable cases (9\/23 pneumonia, 2\/23 hepatitis, 21\/23 fever), with three hospitalizations, and one death. Twenty\u2010seven cases were discarded following negative laboratory results. The epidemiological investigation revealed airborne transmission as the most likely route of transmission. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate risk factors for Q fever infection. Persons who were near the farms (\u2264750\u2009m) (OR 4.5; 95% CI\u00a0=\u20091.1\u201318.3) and lived in the nearest street to the farms had the highest risk of contracting Q fever (OR 3.7; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.1\u201313.6). Decreased rainfall compared to monthly averages was recorded in the months prior to the outbreak with several days of strong wind in January preceding the outbreak. This was the largest Q fever outbreak in the county in the last 16\u2009years, which was unexpected due to its location and non\u2010occupational exposure. To stop the outbreak, numerous intensive biosecurity measures were implemented. The outbreak highlights the importance of urban development strategies to limit the number of animal housing near residential areas while providing regular biosecurity measures to prevent infections in livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T04:55:11Z","timestamp":1672376111000},"page":"285-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i> (Q\u2010fever) outbreak associated with non\u2010occupational exposure in a semi\u2010urban area of western Croatia in 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morana","family":"Tomljenovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine  Rijeka Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology 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Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"\u0160pi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Croatian Veterinary Institute  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Zdelar\u2010Tuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Croatian Veterinary Institute  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-267X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Duvnjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Croatian Veterinary Institute  Zagreb 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