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Assessments of risk in urban woodland can be difficult if there are low densities and small sample sizes for <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> prevalence estimates. This study targeted six urban woodlands with established tick populations, as well as six woodlands in peri\u2010urban zones and six woodlands in rural zones in and around the cities of Bath and Southampton, in the South of England. Nymph densities were estimated, and 100 nymphs were tested from each of the 18 woodlands studied. <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks were found in all woodlands surveyed, and overall density of nymphs (DON) per 100\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> was 18.17 in urban woodlands, 26.0 in peri\u2010urban woodlands and 17.67 in rural woodlands. Out of 600 nymphs tested across urban woodlands, 10.3% were infected with <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>. The same proportion of nymphs collected in rural woodlands were positive for <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>. In peri\u2010urban woodlands, 10.8% of nymphs tested positive. Across both cities combined, density of infected nymphs (DIN) was 2.73 per 100\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in peri\u2010urban woodland, 1.87 per 100\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in urban woodland and 1.82 per 100\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in rural woodland. Overall, DON, <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> prevalence and DIN did not differ significantly along an urban\u2013rural gradient. This suggests the risk of Lyme borreliosis transmission could be similar, or perhaps even elevated in urban woodland if there is higher public footfall, subsequent contact with ticks and less awareness of the risks. This is particularly important from a public health perspective, as <jats:italic>Borrelia garinii<\/jats:italic> dominated across the gradient and this genospecies is linked to neuroborreliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T09:34:49Z","timestamp":1674207289000},"page":"304-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["<i>Ixodes ricinus<\/i> density, <i>Borrelia<\/i> prevalence and the density of infected nymphs along an urban\u2013rural gradient in southern England"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Kayleigh M.","family":"Hansford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology &amp; Zoonoses Ecology UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"},{"name":"European Centre for Environment &amp; Human Health University of Exeter Medical School  Truro UK"},{"name":"Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change &amp; Health UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"McGinley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology &amp; Zoonoses Ecology UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict W.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Environment &amp; Human Health University of Exeter Medical School  Truro UK"},{"name":"Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change &amp; Health UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Tschirren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Ecology &amp; Conservation University of Exeter  Penryn UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolyon M.","family":"Medlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology &amp; Zoonoses Ecology UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"},{"name":"Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change &amp; Health UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"},{"name":"Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging &amp; Zoonotic Infections UK Health Security Agency  Porton Down UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.645002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010020\u201004352\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010021\u201004944\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences","author":"Daniels W. 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