{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:52:39Z","timestamp":1790790759882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Companion animals have been shown to carry\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains that are similar or identical to strains found in people, and a small number of studies have shown that pets carry genetically identical\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates as their owners, suggesting inter\u2010species transmission. However, the directionality of transmission is ultimately unknown, and the frequency with which animals acquire\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    following their owners' infection is unclear. The goal of this study was to assess how often pets belonging to people with\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection carry genetically related\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. We enrolled pet owners from two medical institutions (University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS) and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC)) who had diarrhoea with or without positive\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays and tested their faeces and their pets' faeces for\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    using both anaerobic culture and PCR assays. When microorganisms were obtained from both the owner and pet and had the same toxin profile or ribotype, isolates underwent genomic sequencing. Faecal samples were obtained from a total of 59 humans, 72 dogs and 9 cats, representing 47 complete households (i.e. where a sample was available from the owner and at least one pet). Of these,\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 30 humans, 10 dogs and 0 cats. There were only two households where\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in both the owner and pet. In one of these households, the\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were of different toxin profiles\/ribotypes (A+\/B+ \/ RT 499 from the owner, A\u2010\/B\u2010 \/ RT PR22386 from the dog). In the other household, the isolates were genetically identical (one SNP difference). Interestingly, the dog from this household had recently received a course of antibiotics (cefpodoxime and metronidazole). Our findings suggest that inter\u2010species transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    occurs infrequently in households with human\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T04:11:33Z","timestamp":1676261493000},"page":"341-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Infrequent intrahousehold transmission of\n                    <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>\n                    between pet owners and their pets"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel E.","family":"Redding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies\u2010New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine  Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg G.","family":"Habing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle L.","family":"Bittinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"O'Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Pancholi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Internal Medicine Department The Ohio State University, College of Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Global One Health initiative The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-8153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason W.","family":"Stull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.03.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010019\u20100658\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.06581\u201011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.920252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000000331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297\u20109716\u201042\u201034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.45.20954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01384\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00127\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00446\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.11.1404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5710\u20105714.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1505190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939\u20101676.2011.00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.212023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery M. 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