{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T15:29:54Z","timestamp":1758122994453,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> is a bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in birds and can cause zoonotic psittacosis in people. In November 2017, we received notification of a suspected case of avian chlamydiosis in a captive cockatiel (<jats:italic>Nymphicus hollandicus<\/jats:italic>) that was sold by an online pet bird retail and breeding facility in Washington State. We describe the investigation with emphasis on how environmental sampling was used to guide veterinary and public health interventions. Bird samples were collected either from pooled droppings, pooled plumage or individual nasal and choanal swabs. Environmental samples were obtained by swabbing cleaning mops, tables and cage structures. All samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction and positive samples underwent genotyping. Approximately 1000 birds representing four taxonomic orders were kept within an open\u2010space warehouse. Eight of 14 environmental samples and one of two pooled faecal samples were positive for <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> spp. The contaminating strain of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> spp. was identified as genotype A. The facility was closed for environmental disinfection, and all psittacines were treated with oral doxycycline for 45\u2009days. Ten of 10 environmental and two of two pooled faecal samples were negative for <jats:italic>C.\u2009psittaci<\/jats:italic> 11\u2009months after the completion of environmental disinfection and antimicrobial treatment. This investigation highlights the importance of preventing and mitigating pathogen incursion in an online pet retail and breeding facility. Environmental sampling is valuable to guide animal and public health interventions for control of <jats:italic>C.\u2009psittaci<\/jats:italic>, particularly when large numbers of birds are exposed to the pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T06:35:28Z","timestamp":1683614128000},"page":"572-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Application of environmental sampling to investigate a case of avian chlamydiosis in a pet store and breeding facility leading to mass bird exposures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0510-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Bonwitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology Washington State Department of Health  Shoreline Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Durham University  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Riethman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clark County Public Health  Vancouver Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derel","family":"Glashower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clark County Public Health  Vancouver Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna N.","family":"Oltean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology Washington State Department of Health  Shoreline Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Wohrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Public Health Sciences Washington State Department of Health  Olympia Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Agriculture  Olympia Washington USA"},{"name":"Lifestock Int'l  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"McHale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratory University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branson","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratory University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"APHIS. 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