{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:24:40Z","timestamp":1782451480923,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present investigation was designed in response to the 2019 outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in 34 villages of district Mardan, Pakistan. Sand flies were collected to study their bionomics, breeding sites, and seasonal prevalence from July to September 2019. In 2020, we acquired and digitized data on CL patients in the region to assess the possible spread of the disease to new foci. In the study period, a total of 1572 sand flies were collected, comprising 11 species. <jats:italic>Phlebotomus sergenti<\/jats:italic> (827, 52.61%) was the most widespread species. The soil pH in all samples was slightly alkaline (7\u20138.2) and potassium (K) was the richest component (59.4%). In 2020, there were 975 reported cases, which is an increase from 536 cases in 2019. Elevations of 361\u2013588\u2009m, agricultural land near human settlements, and quaternary alluvium formation had maximum CL cases. In univariate analysis, age between 25 and 35, nationality, family size (7\u201315 individuals), knowledge of leishmaniasis, site of infection, family members suffering from leishmaniasis, knowledge of sand flies, the difference between mosquitoes and sand flies, biting times of sand flies, use of mosquito spray, an Afghan refugee in the region, preachers visiting, and material of house construction have been identified risk of getting CL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In stepwise multivariate analysis, nationality, vegetation, site of infection, and material of house construction were more prone to CL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). This study highlights the potential risk factors and sand flies associated with the outbreak of CL in Mardan. The high abundance of <jats:italic>P.\u2009sergenti<\/jats:italic> suggests their possible role as vectors for the transmission of CL in the region. The increase in reported cases in 2020 compared to 2019 suggests a possible spread of the disease to new foci. The study also revealed that certain demographic and environmental factors were significant risk factors for contracting CL in the district.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T04:19:56Z","timestamp":1687234796000},"page":"581-593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sand fly bionomics, geospatial investigation and risk factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis in district Mardan, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Khurshaid","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehreen","family":"Qadeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.0487.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.09.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Pak\u2010Afghan region","volume":"13","author":"Kakarsulemankhel J. K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/19-191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"The phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) of the oriental region","volume":"37","author":"Lewis D. J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"News H.(2019).Leishmania disease is at peak in Mardan. 92NewsHD.https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o6aQHuyE6wY"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1005.030894"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90285-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Geological map of North Pakistan, 1: 650,000","author":"Searle M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"WHO. (2020).Leishmaniasis: Status of endemicity of cutaneous leishmaniasis.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/ntddata\/leishmaniasis\/leishmaniasis.html"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.13066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T23:53:40Z","timestamp":1697068420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.13066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.13066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.13066","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}