{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:01:00Z","timestamp":1790791260695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The attainment of the global target of zero dog\u2010mediated human rabies by 2030 depends on functional rabies programmes. Nigeria, a rabies\u2010endemic country, and the most populous country in Africa has a very poor rabies control strategy with a score of 1.5 out of 5 based on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE). In this article, we report a scoping review that we conducted to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well as situational analysis of rabies control in Nigeria and suggest a timeline for key activities that are needed to ensure zero by 30. Our findings reveal that rabies is grossly under\u2010reported as only 998 human and 273 dog\u2010suspected rabies cases were reported across Nigeria between 2017 and 2022. Our literature review also demonstrates a paucity of information on rabies in both human and animal health sectors. A total of 49 studies on dog rabies in Nigeria, with a predominance of reports from the North Central geopolitical region (48%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923) were therefore included in this study. Currently, only 16.2% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096\/37) of Nigerian states have available data related to the estimated dog populations, the dog ownership rates, the vaccination status of dogs or the incidence of dog bites. Based on a dog\u2010to\u2010human ratio of 1:16.3, we estimated that the dog population in Nigeria was 12,969,368 (95% CI: 12,320,900\u201013,617,836). Thus, to attain herd immunity and dog rabies control in Nigeria, at least 9.1\u2009million dogs must be vaccinated annually. Our review reveals that, despite the strengths and available opportunities to achieve rabies control in Nigeria by 2030, the weaknesses and challenges will make the attainment of zero by 30 very difficult or impossible. Nigeria's best\u2010case scenario by the year 2030 is SARE stage 3\u20134 (control\u2013elimination) out of 5. Otherwise, the rabies control programme might not surpass SARE stages 2\u20133. To attain zero by 30, Nigeria must re\u2010strategize its current rabies control programme by funding and implementing the national strategic plan for rabies control, creating a rabies desk office in the 37 states (FCT inclusive), rigorously conducting mass vaccination campaigns, providing post\u2010exposure prophylaxis, prioritizing mass enlightenment with a focus on responsible pet ownership and conduct baseline national rabies surveillance in the animal and human health sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T07:38:59Z","timestamp":1699342739000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prospects for dog rabies elimination in Nigeria by 2030"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Tijani","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Ibrahim","family":"Al\u2010Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Ilorin Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ibadan  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muftau","family":"Oyewo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Ilorin Nigeria"},{"name":"Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program  Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Abdulrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimoh Muhammad","family":"Yakub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusirat","family":"Elelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ilorin  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Nguku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program  Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shakir","family":"Balogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program  Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Jolaoluwa","family":"Awosanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ibadan  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Sabo Nok","family":"Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"Africa Center for Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob K. 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