{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:09:09Z","timestamp":1784570949892,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of significant global concern and is a major One Health issue. There is evidence to suggest that increased antimicrobial usage (AMU) can be associated with AMR patterns, and therefore, there have been efforts to reduce AMU in anticipation of reducing AMR emergence risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were any associations between AMU and AMR patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from pig herds in Ireland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on AMR from a panel of antimicrobials (AMDs) were gathered as part of national surveillance activities. These data were associated with reported usage of AMDs, on a year\u2010quarter basis, measured in mg\/kg at a herd\u2010level using generalized estimating equation regression analysis. Associations were tested with AMR presence or multi\u2010drug resistance (MDR; \u22653 classes) profiles and total AMU during the contemporaneous quarter and previous quarter, respectively. Furthermore, individual and AMD class\u2010based associations were tested. The final dataset contained 218 observations (herd\u2010quarter usage and AMR resistance profile) from 122 herds during 2019\u20132021. Apparent resistance prevalence varied according to AMD type, with the highest mean prevalence found with tetracycline at 51.57% (95% CI: 45.06%\u201358.09%). There were significant associations between a herd obtaining a positive AMR result for any AMDs and the overall levels of AMU during the year\u2010quarter. Furthermore, there were significant positive associations between MDR and total AMU. At the compound level, chloramphenicol resistance was significantly associated with increased usage of trimethoprim\/sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.010). Tetracycline resistance was associated with increased use of chlortetracycline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008). At the antimicrobial class level, there was a significant positive relationship between the usage of phenicol and the probability of a resistance for chloramphenicol (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026) and between the usage of tetracycline and tetracycline resistance probability (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data provide evidence of associations between overall AMU and AMR or MDR risk at the herd\u2010quarter level. There was also evidence of associations between specific AMDs and patterns of resistance. Associations varied depending on whether time lags in usage were modelled or how usage was modelled (e.g. dichotomized or continuous). Associations with rarely used AMDs (e.g. critically important AMDs) were precluded due to a lack of statistical power. Continued monitoring of both AMU and AMR is crucial to assess the impacts of policy changes aimed at reducing AMU.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T04:54:47Z","timestamp":1698641687000},"page":"71-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance in <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> isolated from pigs and associations with aggregated antimicrobial usage in Ireland: A herd\u2010level exploration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine One Health Scientific Support Unit, National Diseases Control Centre (NDCC)  Dublin 2 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Garvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Section, Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine  Dublin 2 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Section, Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine  Dublin 2 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Naranjo\u2010Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance  Celbridge Ireland"},{"name":"UCD School of Veterinary Medicine  Dublin 4 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance  Celbridge Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ire","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance  Celbridge Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie","family":"Slowey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance  Celbridge Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00222.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Associations of antimicrobial uses with antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli from pigs on 47 farrow\u2010to\u2010finish farms in Ontario and British Columbia","volume":"72","author":"Akwar H. 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