{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1790143750807,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Swine are a mixing vessel for the emergence of novel reassortant influenza A viruses (IAV). Interspecies transmission of swine\u2010origin IAV poses a public health and pandemic risk. In the United States, the majority of zoonotic IAV transmission events have occurred in association with swine exposure at agricultural fairs. Accordingly, this human\u2010animal interface necessitates mitigation strategies informed by understanding of interspecies transmission mechanisms in exhibition swine. Likewise, the diversity of IAV in swine can be a source for novel reassortant or mutated viruses that pose a risk to both swine and human health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an effort to better understand those risks, here we investigated the epidemiology of IAV in exhibition swine and subsequent transmission to humans by performing phylogenetic analyses using full genome sequences from 272 IAV isolates collected from exhibition swine and 23 A(H3N2)v viruses from human hosts during 2013\u20132015. Sixty\u2010seven fairs (24.2%) had at least one pig test positive for IAV with an overall estimated prevalence of 8.9% (95% CI: 8.3\u20139.6, Clopper\u2010Pearson). Of the 19 genotypes found in swine, 5 were also identified in humans. There was a positive correlation between the number of human cases of a genotype and its prevalence in exhibition swine. Additionally, we demonstrated that A(H3N2)v viruses clustered tightly with exhibition swine viruses that were prevalent in the same year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data indicate that multiple genotypes of swine\u2010lineage IAV have infected humans, and highly prevalent IAV genotypes in exhibition swine during a given year are also the strains detected most frequently in human cases of variant IAV. Continued surveillance and rapid characterization of IAVs in exhibition swine can facilitate timely phenotypic evaluation and matching of candidate vaccine strains to those viruses present at the human\u2010animal interface which are most likely to spillover into humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T08:52:50Z","timestamp":1702975970000},"page":"281-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evolution of influenza A viruses in exhibition swine and transmission to humans, 2013\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Szablewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7408-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillon S.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Trock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-7650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory G.","family":"Habing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando E.","family":"Hoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah W.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Nolting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00275\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.6.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712470449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.121116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2012.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20101135(00)00164\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Burden of Influenza","author":"CDC","year":"2022"},{"issue":"32","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"619","article-title":"Evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for influenza a (H3N2)v virus and updated case count\u2014United States, 2012","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00673\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7367\u20107373.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.051839\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01170\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.01.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: Human and veterinary implications","volume":"3","author":"Ma W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"National Assembly of State Animal Health Officials (NASAHO) & National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV). (2018).Measures to Minimize Influenza Transmission at Swine Exhibitions 2018.http:\/\/www.nasphv.org\/documentsCompendiaZoonoticInfluenza.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01453\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01457\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00994\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12422"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/53313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","unstructured":"OFFLU VCM Summary Reports. (n.d.).Offlu.https:\/\/www.offlu.org\/index.php\/offlu\u2010vcm\u2010summary\u2010reports\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119945109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01763\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00822\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00809\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.54.3.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1422689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262\u2010009\u20100386\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065\u20103527(08)00403\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05266\u201011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264\u2010410X(02)00123\u20108"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza a viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster R. G.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","volume-title":"Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza a viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"Worobey M. Levy J. I. Serrano L. M. M. Crits\u2010Christoph A. Pekar J. E. Goldstein S. A. Rasmussen A. L. Kraemer M. U. G. Newman C. Koopmans M. P. G. Suchard M. A. Wertheim J. O. Lemey P. Robertson D. L. Garry R. F. Holmes E. C. Rambaut A. &Andersen K. G.(2022).The Huanan market was the epicenter of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 emergence.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6299600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.73.10.8851\u20108856.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"Zimmerman J.","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.13104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T04:55:58Z","timestamp":1712206558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.13104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.13104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.13104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}