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The geographic distribution of WNV activity is relatively widespread, but varies considerably across different regions within the state. Spatial variation in human WNV infection depends upon social\u2010ecological factors that influence mosquito populations and virus transmission dynamics. Measuring changes in spatial patterns over time is necessary for uncovering the underlying regional drivers of disease risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we utilized statewide surveillance data to quantify temporal changes and spatial patterns of WNV activity in California. We obtained annual WNV mosquito surveillance data from 2004 through 2021 from the California Arbovirus Surveillance Program. Geographic coordinates for mosquito pools were analysed using a suite of spatial statistics to identify and classify patterns in WNV activity over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We detected clear patterns of non\u2010random WNV risk during the study period, including emerging hot spots in the Central Valley and non\u2010random periods of oscillating WNV risk in Southern and Northern California subregions. Our findings offer new insights into 18\u2009years of spatio\u2010temporal variation in WNV activity across California, which may be used for targeted surveillance efforts and public health interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T08:51:02Z","timestamp":1702975862000},"page":"258-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long\u2010term trends and spatial patterns of West Nile Virus emergence in California, 2004\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Brett R.","family":"Bayles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health Dominican University of California  San Rafael California USA"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela F.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health Dominican University of California  San Rafael California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Christofferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1169-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010021\u201000639\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/EI-D-15-0008.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health Mosquito & Vector Control Association of California University of California. 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