{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:05:20Z","timestamp":1785474320938,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthrax is reported with frequency but poorly understood in Southeast Asian countries including Vietnam. In Vietnam, anthrax surveillance is national. However, case detection, prevention, and control are implemented locally at the provincial level. Here, we describe the epidemiological characteristics, identify spatial clusters of human anthrax, and compare the variation in livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to disease incidence in humans and livestock using historical data in Son La province, Vietnam (2003\u20132020).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most human cases occurred between April and September. Most of the patients were male, aged 15\u201354\u2009years old. The human cases were mainly reported by public district hospitals. There was a delay between disease onset and hospitalization of ~5\u2009days. We identified spatial clusters of high\u2013high incidence communes in the northern communes of the province using the local Moran's <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic> statistic. The vaccine coverage sharply decreased across the study period. The province reported sporadic human anthrax outbreaks, while animal cases were only reported in 2005 and 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest underreporting for human and livestock anthrax in the province. Intersectoral information sharing is needed to aid livestock vaccination planning, which currently relies on reported livestock cases. The spatial clusters identify areas for targeted surveillance and livestock vaccination, while the seasonal case data suggest prioritizing vaccination campaigns for February or early March ahead of the April peak. A regional approach for studying the role of livestock trading between Son La and neighbouring provinces in anthrax occurrence is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T04:07:46Z","timestamp":1706501266000},"page":"392-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatial epidemiology of human anthrax in Son La province, Vietnam, 2003\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan","family":"Luong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien Dung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Son La Provincial Center for Disease Control  Son La City Son La Province Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Truong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Son La Provincial Sub\u2010Department of Animal Husbandry Animal Health and Fisheries  Son La City Son La Province Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan C.","family":"Metrailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Khang","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thu Ha","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Mai","family":"Hung\u00a0Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Hai","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Long","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Thai","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"},{"name":"School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Hanoi Medical University  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida 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