{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:24:20Z","timestamp":1768465460946,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014116","name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014116","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rat\u2010associated zoonotic pathogen transmission at the human\u2013wildlife interface is a public health concern in urban environments where Norway rats (<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>) thrive on abundant anthropogenic resources and live in close contact with humans and other animal species. To identify potential factors influencing zoonotic pathogen occurrence in rats, we investigated associations between environmental and sociodemographic factors and <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp. infections in rats from Windsor, Ontario, Canada, while controlling for the potential confounding effects of animal characteristics (i.e., sexual maturity and body condition).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between November 2018 and June 2021, 252 rats were submitted by collaborating pest control professionals. Kidney and spleen samples were collected for <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp. PCR and sequencing, respectively. Of the rats tested by PCR, 12.7% (32\/252) were positive for <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> and 16.3% (37\/227) were positive for <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> species. Associations between infection status and environmental and sociodemographic variables of interest were assessed via mixed multivariable logistic regression models with a random intercept for social group and fixed effects to control for sexual maturity and body condition in each model. The odds of <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> infection were significantly higher in rats from areas with high building density (odds ratio [OR]: 3.76; 95% CI: 1.31\u201310.79; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014), high human population density (OR: 3.31; 95% CI: 1.20\u20139.11; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021), high proportion of buildings built in 1960 or before (OR: 11.21; 95% CI: 2.06\u201360.89; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), and a moderate number of reports of uncollected garbage compared to a low number of reports (OR: 4.88; 95% CI: 1.01\u201323.63; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049). A negative association was observed between median household income and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp. infection in rats (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.89; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the complexity of the ecology of rat\u2010associated zoonoses, consideration of environmental and sociodemographic factors is of critical importance to better understand the nuances of host\u2013pathogen systems and inform how urban rat surveillance and intervention efforts should be distributed within cities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T07:00:09Z","timestamp":1709190009000},"page":"416-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with zoonotic pathogen occurrence in Norway rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus<\/i>) from Windsor, Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chelsea G.","family":"Himsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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Robbin","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Dibernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Champika","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12418"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010019\u20107202\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"City of Windsor. 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