{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T20:54:53Z","timestamp":1781211293087,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the spatio\u2010temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10\u2009years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013\u20132022) and IgM (2017\u20132022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8\u201315.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8\u201312.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio\u2010temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time\u2010series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3\u20134 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time\u2010series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year\u2010round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age\u2010associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long\u2010term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero\u2010surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T23:58:49Z","timestamp":1710460729000},"page":"429-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spatio\u2010temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himani","family":"Dhanze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute  Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balbir B.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU)  Ludhiana Punjab India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Westmead New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"},{"name":"The Prasanna School of Public Health Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Suman","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute  Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute  Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran N.","family":"Bhilegaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute  Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Westmead New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"E99","article-title":"Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. 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