{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:43:57Z","timestamp":1753879437055,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expanding geographical range of blacklegged ticks (BLTs), <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>, and its ability to transmit <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic> poses an emerging public health risk. Our study determined the geographic distribution and the minimum infection rate (MIR) of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burgdorferi\u2010<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>phagocytophilum\u2010<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ba<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>microti<\/jats:italic>\u2010, and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>miyamotoi\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected BLTs in Manitoba submitted to the Public Health Agency of Canada's passive tick surveillance programme from 1995 to 2017.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regression models were used to test the association of the MIR by year for each pathogen. Ticks were tested using PCR for <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> since 1995, <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> since 2006, and <jats:italic>Ba. microti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic> since 2013. The global positioning system coordinates of infected and uninfected ticks submitted during the surveillance period were plotted on a map of Manitoba using ArcGIS Pro version 3.1.2 to detect changes in the geographic distribution of ticks over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall MIR for <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> was 139.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 129.0\u2013150.5) per 1000 BLTs; however, it varied over time. After remaining stable from 1995 to 2005, the MIR increased by 12.1 per 1000 BLTs per year from 2005 to 2017 (95% CI: 7.0%\u201317.2%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;0.01). The geographic distribution of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected BLTs was centred around Winnipeg, Manitoba, and spread outward from this locality. The MIRs of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ba. microti<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic> were 44.8 per 1000 BLTs (95% CI: 38.1\u201351.6), 10.8 (95% CI: 6.6\u201315.0), and 5.2 (95% CI: 2.3\u20138.1) per 1000 BLTs, respectively, and showed no significant change over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Passive surveillance revealed the presence of <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum\u2010<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ba. microti\u2010<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>B. miyamotoi\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected BLTs in southern Manitoba and revealed an increased risk of exposure to <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected BLTs due to the increasing geographic range and MIR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T04:19:06Z","timestamp":1716956346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geographic range and minimum infection rate of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>, <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>, <i>Babesia microti<\/i>, and <i>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/i> in <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i> (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks in Manitoba, Canada from 1995 to 2017"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3189-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl Pei Zhen","family":"Foo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador  St. John's Newfoundland Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine Gayle","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Dibernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie Robbin","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.007"},{"volume-title":"PooledInfRate, version 4.9: A Microsoft\u00ae office excel\u00a9 add\u2010in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples (version 4.0)","year":"2009","author":"Biggerstaff B. 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