{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:14:47Z","timestamp":1776845687067,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> is a highly infectious organism that is easily spread through aerosols causing Q fever in humans. Ticks can harbour and transmit <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> to animals, contributing to disease maintenance. Our aim was to examine the presence of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> in ticks in Uganda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, ticks were collected from five Ugandan districts and tested by real\u2010time PCR for <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Coxiella<\/jats:italic> outer membrane protein 1 gene). A total of 859 tick pools (9602 individual ticks) were tested, and pool positivity for <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> was 5.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947). Pooled prevalence differed by district; the highest was Luwero (7.3%), then Gulu (6.6%), and Kasese had the lowest (1.3%). However, district variation was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact\u2009=\u20090.07). Ticks collected from dogs and cats had the highest positivity rates [23\/47, (48.9%)] followed by livestock (cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs) [18\/47, (38.3%)] and vegetation [6\/47, (12.8%)]. <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis elliptica<\/jats:italic> had the highest infection rates, followed by <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Amblyomma variegatum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus decoloratus<\/jats:italic> had similar prevalence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although ticks are not the primary transmitters of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> to humans, pathogen detection in ticks can be an indirect indicator of risk among animal hosts. Vulnerable populations, including occupations with close animal contact such as farming, butchery, and veterinary practice, have an increased risk of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> exposure. Veterinarians and clinicians should be aware that <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> may cause human and animal illness in these regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:58:15Z","timestamp":1720587495000},"page":"869-875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular detection of <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i> in ticks collected from animals and the environment in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Wilfred","family":"Eneku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Erima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoli Maranda","family":"Byaruhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Global Health University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Atim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Tugume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qouilazoni Aquino","family":"Ukuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kibuuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edison","family":"Mworozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University, College of Health Sciences  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Tweyongyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina E.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division USAMRIID  Fort Detrick Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Division USAMRIID  Fort Detrick Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"von Fricken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Global Health University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Wabwire\u2010Mangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University, School of Public Health  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis K.","family":"Byarugaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University Walter Reed Project  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942\u2010015\u20100015\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bwatota S. 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