{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:07:58Z","timestamp":1782713278017,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most human infections with non\u2010typhoid <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (NTS) or <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> are zoonotic in nature and acquired though consumption of contaminated food of mainly animal origin. However, individuals may also acquire salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis through non\u2010foodborne transmission pathways, such as those mediated by the environment. This emphasizes the need to consider both direct and indirect exposure to livestock sources as a possible transmission route for NTS and <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing whether salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis incidence is spatially associated with exposure to livestock (i.e. small ruminants, dairy cows, veal calves, laying hens, broiler chickens and pigs) in the Netherlands for the years 2007\u20132019 and 2014\u20132019 respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk factors (population\u2010weighted number of animals) and their population attributable fractions were determined using a Poisson regression model with a log\u2010link function fitted using integrated nested Laplace approximation. The analyses were performed for different hexagonal sizes (90, 50, 25 and 10\u2009km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and accounted for geographical coverage of the diagnostic laboratory catchment areas. Moreover, serological data were used to look into the possible effects of acquired immunity due to repeated exposure to the pathogen through the environment that would potentially hinder the analyses based on the incidence of reported cases. A linear mixed\u2010effects model was then fitted where the postal code areas were included as a random effect. Livestock was not consistently significantly associated with acquiring salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results showed that living in livestock\u2010rich areas in the Netherlands is not a consistently significant, spatially restricted risk factor for acquiring salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis, thereby supporting current knowledge that human infections with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> are mainly foodborne.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:30:48Z","timestamp":1721867448000},"page":"876-899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Livestock\u2010associated spatial risk factors for human salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemieke Christine","family":"Mulder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lapo","family":"Mughini\u2010Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van de Kassteele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Lynn","family":"Blanken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roan","family":"Pijnacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2019.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbo.1999.1081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5327-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.558455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"CBS. 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