{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:51:40Z","timestamp":1793947900219,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 1999 and 2021, 505 culture\u2010confirmed cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> disease in humans (zoonotic tuberculosis, TB) were diagnosed in England. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infection in persons exposed to TB\u2010infected cattle in England and identify any risk factors associated with latent TB infection (LTBI) in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We co\u2010developed a retrospective cohort study in Southwest England, a bovine TB high risk area, with members of the UK farming community. A questionnaire captured participant characteristics, behaviours and farming practices. Linkage with historical herd testing data was used to categorise participants as low, medium or high risk for TB exposure. Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) positivity with Quantiferon was used to determine LTBI status and linked to questionnaire data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 90 participants at agricultural shows and a standalone event. Participants were farmers\/farm workers (76\/90) and veterinary professionals (10\/90). Median age was 45.5\u2009years (IQR: 19\u201377); 63% were male; 67% reported BCG vaccination. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> exposure was via direct contact with infected cattle and consumption of raw milk. One participant in the high\u2010risk group was IGRA positive, all other participants were IGRA negative. Estimated IGRA positivity rate was 1.1% (95% CI 0.058%\u20137.0%) in all participants and 4.0% (95% CI 0.21%\u201322%) in participants with high exposure levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found limited LTBI in individuals in contact with TB\u2010infected cattle in England, despite high and prolonged exposure. We identified a high\u2010risk group of farmers who should be prioritised for future engagement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T22:54:14Z","timestamp":1741733654000},"page":"369-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High <i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i> Exposure but Low <scp>IGRA<\/scp> Positivity in <scp>UK<\/scp> Farm Workers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Vaccine Centre, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Bristol  Bristol 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Veterinary School  Langford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Veterinary School University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease North Bristol NHS Trust  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Virgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Bristol NHS Trust  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency  Addlestone UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency  Addlestone UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency  Addlestone UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Goenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Vaccine Centre, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Bristol Royal Hospital for Children  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Brooks\u2010Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol 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