{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:44:30Z","timestamp":1780595070753,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009170","name":"Foreign Agricultural Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Predicting the public health impact of policies limiting antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock requires quantifying the link between AMU and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. Using cattle and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> as an example, we conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis (SRMA) (PROSPERO #CRD42023399764) to elucidate AMU's impact on AMR in bacteria from animals raised both conventionally (CONV) and without AMU (RWA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a predefined population (cattle), intervention (AMU), comparison (CONV vs. RWA), and outcome (AMR in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> or commensal <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>) framework, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. We estimated pooled odds ratios (POR) describing the association between AMU and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> prevalence, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and third\u2010generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistances and evaluated evidence certainty using a GRADE approach. Predictive intervals (PIs) incorporating heterogeneity (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were calculated along with POR to illustrate the effect of between\u2010study differences on association estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor evidence certainty was driven by a high risk of bias, imprecise odds ratio estimates, and inconsistency among the included studies. Substantial heterogeneity was observed, and PIs reflected non\u2010significant associations for all AMR outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the poor certainty of evidence and between\u2010studies differences, pooled estimates should not be trusted, necessitating a suitable alternative to estimate the effects of AMU reduction on human health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T03:48:12Z","timestamp":1741751292000},"page":"390-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Low Certainty of Evidence and Heterogeneity Dominate in Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock\u2014The Example of Cattle and <i>Salmonella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1063-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiX Analytics  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane G.","family":"Pouzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiX Analytics  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7305-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solenne","family":"Costard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiX Analytics  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0627-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Kiryluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiX Analytics  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1352-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Zagmutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiX Analytics  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00489\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104\u2010016\u20100127\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.190922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.07.0300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"EUR\u2010Lex.2003.\u201cRegulation (EC) No 1831\/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on Additives for Use in Animal Nutrition.\u201dhttp:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2003\/1831\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"G\u00fcnhan B. 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