{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T05:27:30Z","timestamp":1771392450038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a zoonotic parasite of significant public health concern, particularly in regions where consumption of undercooked meat is common. Despite the importance of sheep as a potential source of human infection, understanding of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      seroprevalence and tissue distribution in sheep in the Red Sea State in Sudan remains limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence and tissue distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in sheep slaughtered for human consumption in Port Sudan and Tokar localities between February and August 2010. Serum samples were analysed using the Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) for initial screening due to its simplicity and cost\u2010effectiveness, and IgG\u2010captured ELISA to confirm LAT doubtful results, while tissue samples from systematically selected seropositive animals were examined using real\u2010time PCR targeting the 529\u2009bp repeat element to assess tissue distribution patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 700 sheep were tested for anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 45.4% (318\/700, 95% CI 41.8\u201349.1) by LAT, with 64% (57\/89) of LAT\u2010doubtful samples testing positive by IgG\u2010captured ELISA. Multivariate analysis identified Etbawi eco\u2010type (OR\u2009=\u20092.38, 95% CI 1.54\u20133.68,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and age &gt;\u20092\u2009years (OR\u2009=\u20092.45, 95% CI 1.17\u20135.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018) as significant risk factors. Real\u2010time PCR detected\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA in 16% (16\/100) of tissue samples from seropositive sheep, with the highest positivity observed in brain (40%) samples. Notably,\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was detected exclusively in brain tissue in Port Sudan, while in Tokar, it was found in skeletal muscles, liver and diaphragm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The high seroprevalence and molecular detection of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in edible tissues highlight a significant public health risk in the Red Sea State, particularly given local practices of consuming raw or undercooked meat. These findings emphasise the need for improved meat inspection and implementation of One Health approaches (e.g., integrated veterinary\u2010public health surveillance systems) to reduce\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission from sheep to humans despite the data being collected more than a decade ago.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T04:20:15Z","timestamp":1757564415000},"page":"725-734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seroprevalence, Risk Factors and Molecular Detection of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in Sheep Slaughtered for Human Consumption in the Red Sea State, Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Awadia Ali A.","family":"Elhafiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Port Sudan Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manal Yousif","family":"Ishag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Port Sudan Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel Hussein","family":"Elduma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama Mohamed","family":"Mohamedkheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Biomedical Research Institute, National University  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Enan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Central Laboratory, The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research  Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassir Adam","family":"Shuaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.avs.20160406.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/actavet.2022.21065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2022\/10.2.412.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Sero\u2010Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in El\u2010Gadarif State","volume":"4","author":"Atail H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00645-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/mp75-42549"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.3228.3230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats","author":"Constable P. 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