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Zoonotic bacteria, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , contribute to human infections and the spread of AMR, particularly through livestock, pets and wildlife. We investigated the prevalence, distribution and EUCAST ECOFF\u2010based wild\u2010type (WT) vs. non\u2010wild\u2010type (NWT) phenotypes in\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolated from different animal species in northwestern Italy, between 2014 and 2023.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stool samples from owned dogs, livestock, wildlife and synanthropic birds were collected for\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation. Preputial lavages were additionally collected from bovines for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>C. fetus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Samples underwent isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using microdilution. Antimicrobial susceptibility was interpreted based on EUCAST epidemiological cut\u2010off values (ECOFFs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was widely spread, accounting for 77.1% of all isolates (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009384). The occurrence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>C. upsaliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was mainly identified in swine and owned dogs, respectively. Overall, 38.0% (95% CI\u2009=\u200932.1\u201344.2) of the isolates demonstrated NWT susceptibility to at least one antimicrobial, and 23.8% exhibited NWT susceptibility to \u2265\u20093 antimicrobial classes. Non\u2010wild\u2010type patterns to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines were the most common observed, especially among livestock isolates. The occurrence of NWT phenotypes varied by\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and the animal source.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      showed a 2.85\u2010fold increase in the risk of exhibiting an NWT phenotype compared to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (95% CI\u2009=\u20092.24\u20133.62), and isolates from livestock displayed a higher probability of being NWT to fluoroquinolones (prevalence risk ratio\u2009=\u20095.49; 95% CI\u2009=\u20093.44\u20138.77) and tetracyclines (PR\u2009=\u20092.76; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.58\u20134.83).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides evidence of NWT\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates based on EUCAST epidemiological cut\u2010off values (ECOFFs) in both wild and domestic animal hosts in northwestern Italy. The high frequency of NWT isolates, particularly of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in livestock\u2010associated isolates, aligns with concerns regarding antimicrobial use in the animal production sector. The detection of NWT isolates in wild animals suggests potential environmental dissemination and interspecies transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T09:02:04Z","timestamp":1761382924000},"page":"30-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Barns to Bushes: Exploring the\n                    <scp>ECOFF<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Based Non\u2010Wild\u2010Type Status of\n                    <i>Campylobacter<\/i>\n                    spp. in Pets, Livestock, Synanthropic Birds and Wild Animals in Northwestern Italy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Garcia\u2010Vozmediano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Moroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8882-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta  Turin Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Turin  Turin Grugliasco Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Pitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Garofolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. 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