{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:47:13Z","timestamp":1775537233477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leptospirosis is a major but under\u2010reported zoonotic disease, and epidemiological data from South Sudan remain limited. This study estimated the true prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. exposure and identified associated risk factors among slaughterhouse workers and slaughtered cattle in Western Bahr El Ghazal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in major slaughterhouses. Serum samples from workers and cattle were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Bayesian hierarchical models were used to adjust for diagnostic test imperfections and to estimate true prevalence. Structured questionnaires captured occupational and animal\u2010level risk factors for analysis within the Bayesian framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated true prevalence was 10% in slaughterhouse workers and 85% in slaughtered cattle, indicating a high zoonotic exposure risk. Among workers, flaying, inconsistent use of protective equipment, and handling higher numbers of carcasses per day were significantly associated with seropositivity. In slaughtered cattle, exposure varied by breed, age, and sex. The model further indicated a 78% probability that a randomly selected slaughterhouse was affected and a 65% probability that infection levels among workers remained below 5%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first Bayesian\u2010based estimates of leptospiral exposure in slaughterhouse settings in Western Bahr El Ghazal. The findings underscore the need to improve occupational safety, strengthen surveillance, and apply One Health approaches to reduce zoonotic transmission. Despite limitations, including lack of environmental data, the Bayesian framework proved effective for generating robust prevalence estimates in a resource\u2010limited setting. Expanded geographic coverage and incorporation of environmental assessments are recommended to inform targeted leptospirosis control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T04:37:37Z","timestamp":1770871057000},"page":"181-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bayesian Estimation of True Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors for\n                    <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    spp. Among Slaughterhouse Workers and Slaughtered Cattle in the Bahr El Ghazal Region of South Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7568-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Onafruo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG)  Wau South Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Porsgrunn Norway"},{"name":"Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern (USN)  Porsgrunn Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polychronis","family":"Kostoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Laboratory of Epidemiology &amp; 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