{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:14:55Z","timestamp":1778040895974,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), once considered a rural disease in Brazil, has progressively urbanised, particularly in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo (SSP), where the first urban cases emerged after the detection of the vector\n                      <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 1997.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explores the environmental, climatic, socioeconomic, and infrastructural factors associated with the expansion and establishment of VL in urban areas of SSP. For the statistical analysis, two types of models were developed. First, for all municipalities (with or without VL), the logistic regression model was used. Second, for the municipalities in which VL occurred between 1999 and 2012, a multilevel logistic regression model was used, accounting for repeated measurements (VL occurrence or non\u2010occurrence in each municipality) over time. For both models, the associations between exposure variables and the outcome are expressed as odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that the presence of railways, highways, and sugarcane cultivation areas, as well as high annual temperatures and evapotranspiration rates, were associated with VL occurrence. Conversely, lower VL rates were associated with higher rainfall, higher altitude, and more rainy days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude that unplanned urbanisation, poverty, population mobility, and climate change have facilitated the spread of the disease in S\u00e3o Paulo. The results highlight the need for integrated surveillance and control strategies that consider the socioenvironmental determinants to prevent further expansion of VL to other vulnerable urban areas of S\u00e3o Paulo State and bordering states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:13:13Z","timestamp":1773051193000},"page":"348-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors Associated With the Emergence and Spread of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8287-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Lucia Fonseca","family":"de Camargo\u2010Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo T\u00e9cnico de Epidemiologia Instituto Pasteur, Secretaria de Estado de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1169-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Loureiro","family":"Werneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Social Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro \u2010 UERJ  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Estudos Em Sa\u00fade Coletiva Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro \u2013 UFRJ, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Urban Health Research in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy","author":"Akerman M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(10)70223\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010072X\u201013\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074\u201002760170056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Aspectos epidemiol\u00f3gicos e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das medidas de controle da Leishmaniose Visceral Americana no Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil","author":"Camargo\u2010Neves V. 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