{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:10:49Z","timestamp":1791486649168,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crimean\u2010Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick\u2010borne zoonotic pathogen of major public health importance in Africa. Although CCHFV exposure has been reported in several livestock species in Nigeria, data on equids remain limited despite their extensive involvement in livestock movement and trade. This study assessed CCHFV seroprevalence in horses and donkeys in major international livestock markets in northern Nigeria and examined factors associated with exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From June 2023 to July 2024, a longitudinal sero\u2010surveillance study was conducted in three high\u2010volume livestock markets in northern Nigeria. Serum samples from 808 equids (305 horses and 503 donkeys) were tested for CCHFV\u2010specific IgG antibodies using a commercial multi\u2010species ELISA. Data on age, sex, origin and tick infestation status were collected. Seroprevalence was estimated with 95% confidence intervals, and associations were evaluated using univariable analyses and multilevel binomial logistic regression accounting for market\u2013state clustering.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall CCHFV seroprevalence was 23.1% (95% CI: 20.3%\u201326.2%). Horses had a significantly higher seroprevalence (52.1%, 95% CI: 46.3%\u201358.0%) than donkeys (5.7%, 95% CI: 3.7%\u20138.1%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In univariable analyses, seropositivity in horses was associated with age and sex, whereas no significant associations were observed in donkeys. In the multilevel model, species and age remained independently associated with seropositivity; horses had substantially higher odds than donkeys (OR\u2009=\u200920.91, 95% CI: 11.14\u201339.24), and odds increased with age (OR\u2009=\u20091.17 per year, 95% CI: 1.06\u20131.29).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CCHFV exposure is widespread among equids in northern Nigeria, particularly in horses. These findings support the potential value of horses as sentinel species for CCHFV surveillance in livestock trade corridors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crimean\u2010Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick\u2010borne zoonotic virus of public health importance in Africa, yet data on equids in Nigeria remain limited. We assessed CCHFV seroprevalence in horses and donkeys sampled at major international livestock markets in northern Nigeria. Serum samples from 808 equids were tested using a commercial multi\u2010species ELISA. Overall seroprevalence was 23.1% (95% CI: 20.3%\u201326.2%), with higher seroprevalence in horses (52.1%) than in donkeys (5.7%). In multilevel analyses, species and age were independently associated with seropositivity, while sex, tick infestation status and animal origin were not. These findings indicate widespread CCHFV exposure among equids and suggest that horses may serve as useful sentinel animals for monitoring CCHFV circulation in livestock trade corridors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T03:50:41Z","timestamp":1775447441000},"page":"422-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Crimean\u2010Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Exposure in Horses and Donkeys in Border Livestock Markets of Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5743-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David O.","family":"Ehizibolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olumuyiwa","family":"Oyekan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicodemus","family":"Mkpuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibu","family":"Haliru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Garba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isa Z.","family":"Turaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samdi","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Shallangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Aquaculture Development  Yola Adamawa State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb S.","family":"Kilyobas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Livestock and Aquaculture Development  Yola Adamawa State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources  Dutse Jigawa State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa A.","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources  Dutse Jigawa State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansur","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Animal Health and Fisheries  Sokoto Sokoto State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute  Vom Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LifeStock International  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonto","family":"Faburay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, National Bio and Agro\u2010Defense Facility United States Department of Agriculture  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268824000189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Results of Serological Investigation of the Rural Population and Domestic Animals in Rostov Oblast in Connection With the Problem of Prevention (NAMRU\u2010T834)","volume":"2","author":"Badalov M.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Materials of the 16th Scientific Session of the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Age Estimation of Camel in Nigeria Using Rostral Dentition","volume":"2","author":"Bello A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Contribution to the Ecology of Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in the Lower Volga River (NAMRU\u2010T836)","volume":"2","author":"Berezin V.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arboviruses"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Bolker B. D.Robinson D.Menne et\u00a0al.2024.\u201cbroom.mixed: Tidying Methods for Mixed Models.\u201dR package version 0.2.9.6. 10.32614\/CRAN.package.broom.mixed."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2024.2426146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Dorai\u2010Raj S.2022.\u201cbinom: Binomial Confidence Intervals for Several Parameterizations.\u201dR package version 1.1\u20131.1. 10.32614\/CRAN.package.binom."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(06)70435\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v22i4.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag\u20100904\u201049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201081752\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010019\u20104122\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010019\u201002004\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.190354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091891"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.5.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30607\/kvj.1172589"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1513123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Presence of Antibody to Arboviruses of the Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever\u2010Congo (CHF\u2010Congo) Group in Human Beings and Domestic Animals in India","volume":"64","author":"Shanmugam J.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/LMN1P2FRZ7BKZSCO"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Serological Investigation of Humans and Animals in Tadzhik SSR for Antibodies to Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (NAMRU\u2010T964)","volume":"19","author":"Smirnova S. E.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trudy Instituta Poliomiielita i Virusnykh Entsefaliitov AMN SSSR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Antibodies to Crimean\u2010Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Domestic Animals in Iraq: A Seroepidemiological Survey","volume":"8","author":"Tantawi H. H.","year":"1981","journal-title":"International Journal of Zoonoses"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (CHF) in Bulgaria","volume":"19","author":"Vasilenko S.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trudy Instituta Poliomiielita i Virusnykh Entsefaliitov"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030387"}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.70056","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.70056","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.70056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:56:34Z","timestamp":1783011394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.70056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.70056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.70056","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}