{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:04:26Z","timestamp":1792033466309,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leishmaniasis remains a neglected tropical disease in Algeria, where both cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) forms persist despite ongoing control efforts. Understanding the epidemiological patterns and environmental drivers of transmission is essential for improving surveillance and control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analysed 379 human cases (363 CL and 16 VL) reported between 2014 and 2024 in the northeastern provinces of Skikda and Constantine. Epidemiological data were integrated with climatic and environmental variables using geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical analyses to identify spatial and temporal patterns of disease distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CL accounted for 95.8% of cases and predominantly affected young adults aged 20\u201344\u2009years, with incidence peaking in late autumn and early winter. In contrast, VL was exclusively observed in children under 9\u2009years of age. Spatial analysis showed that both forms were strongly associated with low altitudes (\u2264\u2009900\u2009m for CL and 300\u2013600\u2009m for VL), gentle slopes (\u2264\u20093%), and human\u2010modified landscapes such as croplands and grasslands. Conversely, dense forests, wetlands, bare soils, and steep terrains appeared to act as natural barriers to transmission. Climatic correlations were generally weak and not statistically significant, except for a positive association between CL incidence and relative humidity and wind speed in Skikda, and a negative association with soil moisture in Constantine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the important role of microclimatic, topographic, and land\u2010use factors in shaping leishmaniasis transmission dynamics. The study provides a spatial framework that can support targeted surveillance and integrated vector control strategies in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:52:01Z","timestamp":1778730721000},"page":"451-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological Patterns of Leishmaniasis in Two Northeastern Algerian Wilayas: A Comparative Study of Environmental and Climatic Factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8688-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hocine","family":"Kerkoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher National Veterinary School (ENSV), Rabie Bouchama  Oued Smar Algiers Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences Chadli Bendjedid El Tarf University  El\u2010Tarf Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir","family":"Djemai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale D\u00e9veloppement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denr\u00e9es Animales Ou D'origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences University of Constantine 1  Constantine Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Mignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals &amp; Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nacer Eddine","family":"Messahel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences University of Setif 1  Setif Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2687-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilfried","family":"Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals &amp; Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53390\/IJUM.2022.15114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2328\u20102150\/2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222\u20101808(15)61003\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005873"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2009.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Arroub H. 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