{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:23:43Z","timestamp":1783013023600,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mass dog rabies vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing human rabies and interrupting transmission. However, achieving high vaccination coverage in dog populations remains challenging in many low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs), due to multiple barriers. In Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, rabies remains a major public health burden, with domestic dogs as the primary reservoir. Efforts to scale up canine rabies vaccination are limited by the lack of a coordinated national programme and challenges related to affordability, service availability, infrastructure, and owner awareness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study of dog\u2010owning households in three Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and developed a probabilistic model to uncover contextual factors associated with perceived barriers to canine rabies vaccination among owners of unvaccinated dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posterior distributions of our model estimates indicate that respondents reporting not knowing how to vaccinate their dogs against rabies were more likely to have tertiary education, prior awareness of rabies, use dogs for security purposes, urban residence, and residence in areas with higher household poverty. In contrast, respondents reporting knowledge of rabies transmission via bites from rabid dogs, access to local veterinary services, good road networks, and ownership of partially confined dogs were less likely to perceive this barrier. Respondents who were students, had attained tertiary education, resided in urban areas, and were in the FCT and Anambra State were more likely to perceive the rabies vaccine as too costly. Conversely, respondents from medium\u2010sized households, those who relied on traditional care in the event of a dog bite, and owners of partially confined dogs were also more likely to perceive the rabies vaccine as too costly. Finally, respondents who had heard about rabies and those with tertiary education were less likely to perceive the rabies vaccine as unimportant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study identified key barriers to canine rabies vaccination in Nigeria, including lack of knowledge, perceived high cost, and low perceived importance. These were influenced by socioeconomic factors, place of residence, and dog ownership practices, while rabies awareness, veterinary access, good road infrastructure, and partial confinement reduced these perceptions. These findings highlight the need for targeted, context\u2010specific strategies to improve affordability, access, and infrastructure, particularly among disadvantaged households.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:01:48Z","timestamp":1779422508000},"page":"467-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers to Canine Rabies Vaccination in Nigeria: Implications for Rabies Elimination by 2030"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-1456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip P.","family":"Mshelbwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development  Orange New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences The University of Queensland  Gatton Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0110-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bura T.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak  Bintulu Malaysia"},{"name":"University of Maiduguri  Maiduguri Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel O.","family":"Njoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria  Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon W.","family":"Audu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmadu Bello University  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musundwa","family":"Mugodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precious I.","family":"Okezie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Okpara University of Agriculture  Umudike Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8857-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinley","family":"Wangdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEAL Global Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health University of Canberra  Bruce Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude T.","family":"Sabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-025-01707-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-024-00108-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects","volume":"81","author":"Association, G. 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