{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:16:25Z","timestamp":1788340585100,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nontyphoidal\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (NTS) is a major zoonotic enteric pathogen. Animal contact\u2010related NTS outbreaks have increased in the United States over the last decade. Geospatial analysis can identify locations with elevated risk of NTS outbreaks where public health authorities can focus their NTS prevention and intervention efforts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed NTS outbreak data reported from individual states to the Centers for Disease Control via the National Outbreak Reporting System between 2009 and 2022 across the continental contiguous United States. A geospatial analytical framework that included disease mapping, spatial interpolation, and global and local clustering methods was applied to identify regions with high NTS outbreak rates. Given that the study period (2009\u20132022) included the COVID\u201019 pandemic, an interrupted time series negative binomial model was used to assess changes in NTS incidence before and after 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 104 NTS single\u2010state outbreaks were reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) during the study period. The mean annual incidence rate was 0.02 NTS outbreaks per million person\u2010years. The primary animal contact categories associated with outbreaks were mammals (cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses), birds (backyard chickens, ducklings, and turkeys), and reptiles (turtles and lizards). Exposure settings included farms, fairgrounds, agricultural feed stores, veterinary clinics, dairy\/agricultural settings, and residential settings. The local cluster detection methods consistently identified areas with significantly high NTS animal contact\u2010related outbreak rates in the Mountain West, Midwest, and Northeast of the US. The interrupted time series analysis indicated a reduction in incidence following the onset of the COVID\u201019 pandemic (IRR\u2009=\u20090.03;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NTS animal contact\u2010related single\u2010state outbreaks revealed distinct spatial clustering across the United States, with higher risks in the Mountain West, Midwest, and Northeast. Diversity of animal\u2010contact sources and exposure settings depicted complex transmission dynamics of NTS. A decline in reported NTS outbreaks was observed after the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Focused prevention and control programs are needed in high\u2010risk areas to mitigate the burden of NTS outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T08:01:02Z","timestamp":1781251262000},"page":"502-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping High\u2010Rate Clusters of Animal Contact\u2010Related Human\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Single\u2010State Outbreaks in the United States, 2009\u20132022: A Spatial Epidemiological Approach to Inform Public Health Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Hammad Ur Rehman","family":"Bajwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2751-3677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csaba","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20104632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"GeoDa (Version 1.8) [Computer Software]","author":"Anselin L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2023.100062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajwa H. U. 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