{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:53:38Z","timestamp":1791010418935,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brucellosis, caused by a group of bacteria within the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella,<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a zoonotic disease of significant public health concern. The RB51 strain vaccine is used to combat cattle brucellosis but has potential health consequences for exposed humans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective review of NVSL's records prior to 2021 allowed identification of six cases of RB51 strain\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the milk of dairy cattle through culture, followed up by PCR and whole genome sequencing (WGS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six properly vaccinated dairy heifer calves actively shed strain RB51 in their milk as adults, years after vaccination. Two of these cows are linked to three human strain RB51 brucellosis cases (one cow to one human, one cow to two humans). All human cases were detected following consumption of unpasteurised (\u2018raw\u2019) dairy products, highlighting the risk of raw dairy consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These cases demonstrate that milk\u2010borne RB51 strain\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been responsible for multiple human cases of\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Dairy products from cows vaccinated with RB51 should not be consumed raw. The continued and widespread use of the RB51 vaccine should be evaluated critically, and authorities and veterinarians should revisit regulations and vaccination practices to ensure they are epidemiologically justified, particularly in regions or herds without documented brucellosis risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T10:02:11Z","timestamp":1786701731000},"page":"601-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Brucella abortus<\/i>\n                    <scp>RB51<\/scp>\n                    Persistent Infection and Milk Shedding in Vaccinated Dairy Cattle: A Public Health Risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1181-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Hines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8368-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara F.","family":"Margrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA FSIS, Office of Field Operations, Duvall Circuit\u2014Denver District, 1 Denver Federal Center  Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6927-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie W.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Field Operations, Field Epidemiology Investigation Services  Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Quance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6779-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler C.","family":"Thacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Field Operations Texas  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Rollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Animal Health Commission  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie L.","family":"Bulaga\u2010Seraphin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Field Operations  Robbinsville New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Ruminant Health Center  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Field Operations  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7456-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyran","family":"Cadmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Field Operations  Lakewood Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5238-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Negron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grishma","family":"Kharod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0742-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Tiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suelee","family":"Robbe\u2010Austerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason E.","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Field Operations, Field Epidemiology Investigation Services  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Techniques for the Brucellosis Laboratory","author":"Alton G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010023\u201003773\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2660-2666.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.6.1640\u20101642.1995"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"524","article-title":"Human Exposure to \n                     Brucella abortus\n                   Strain RB51\u2014Kansas, 1997","volume":"47","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1998","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).2017. \u201cBrucellosis Reference Guide: Exposures Testing and Prevention.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brucellosis\/pdf\/brucellosi\u2010reference\u2010guide.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).2019. \u201cThird Case of Rifampin\/Penicillin\u2010Resistant Strain of RB51 Brucella From Consuming Raw Milk.\u201dhttps:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/62370."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"67th Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference","author":"Cossaboom C. M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6709a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Garrison E. andG.Marth.2012. \u201cHaplotype\u2010Based Variant Detection From Short\u2010Read Sequencing.\u201d arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.3907.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1207.3907."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378\u20101135(91)90091\u2010S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"USAHA.2018. \u201cCommittee on Cattle and Bison. Resolution 35: Continued Use of RB51 Vaccine.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.usaha.org\/upload\/Resolution\/2018\/Resolution_35_Use_of_RB51_Vacc.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"USDA.2018. \u201cBrucella abortusStrain RB51 Vaccine Licensed for Use in Cattle.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal_health\/animal_dis_spec\/cattle\/downloads\/rb51_vaccine.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006468713614"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","unstructured":"WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.2018. \u201cChapter\u00a03.1.4 Brucellosis.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/03\/3\u201001\u201004\u2010brucellosis\u20101.pdf."}],"container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.70079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/zph.70079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/zph.70079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:31:41Z","timestamp":1791009101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/zph.70079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/zph.70079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.70079","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-1959","1863-2378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}