{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:53:38Z","timestamp":1791010418899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWA.1160.1S.210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1160.1S.210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013890","name":"Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1600003002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1600003002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zoonoses and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Orthoflaviviruses are emerging in Europe and have potential significant impact on animal and public health. Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) have been first detected in the Netherlands in 2016 and 2020, respectively. Wild boars (\n                      <jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) have been suggested as an interesting population to detect the circulation of orthoflaviviruses. We aim to provide epidemiological insights of USUV and WNV infections in wild boars in the Netherlands. We further explore the interpretation of serological results, taking into account cross\u2010reactivity patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1504 wild boar sera from 2018 to 2021 were tested using a screening ELISA. Positive samples were confirmed using Virus Neutralization Tests. We explain the observed serology of the individuals with a 3\u2010level Bayesian hierarchical model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found evidence for WNV infections in boars throughout the study period, with probabilities of past infections ranging from 7.82% in 2020 up to 13.02% in 2019. Our results show a declining trend in past USUV infections over the four\u2010year study period from 24.00% in 2018 to 5.37% in 2021. Furthermore, we estimate direct and cross\u2010reactive titre responses to both viruses, including the probability of developing a cross\u2010reactive response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that WNV infections in wild boars occurred before the first human cases were detected in 2020. Surveillance of orthoflaviviruses in wild boars could provide a convenient method to monitor mosquito\u2010borne viruses such as WNV and USUV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:20:38Z","timestamp":1788754838000},"page":"670-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence of West Nile Virus Infections in Wild Boars (\n                    <i>Sus scrofa<\/i>\n                    ) in the Netherlands, 2018\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6153-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiki","family":"Streng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"de Freitas Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Bio\u2010Informatics &amp; Animal Models Wageningen Bioveterinary Research  Lelystad the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"van Oort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology &amp; Molecular Biology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research  Lelystad the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate Hakze\u2010van","family":"der Honing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology &amp; Molecular Biology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research  Lelystad the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebbiena","family":"Bron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health, Animal Welfare and Food Safety Norwegian Veterinary Institute  \u00c5s Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Andreas","family":"Gr\u00f8ntvedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health, Animal Welfare and Food Safety Norwegian Veterinary Institute  \u00c5s Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim H. M.","family":"van der Poel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Epidemiology, Bio\u2010Informatics &amp; Animal Models Wageningen Bioveterinary Research  Lelystad the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathana\u00ebl","family":"Hoz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 and Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord IAME, INSERM  Paris France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur Epidemiology and Modelling of Antimicrobials Evasion Research Unit  Paris France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Anti\u2010Infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Team  Montigny\u2010Le\u2010Bretonneux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1039-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Counotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Bio\u2010Informatics &amp; Animal Models Wageningen Bioveterinary Research  Lelystad the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100519"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10116049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005936"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"ECDC.2019.\u201cWest Nile Virus Infection. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2018.\u201d [Surveillance report]. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/west\u2010nile\u2010fever\u2010annual\u2010epidemiological\u2010report\u20102018.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"ECDC.2021.\u201cWest Nile Virus Infection. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019.\u201d [Surveillance Report]. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/AER\u2010WNV\u2010infection\u20102019.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"ECDC and EFSA.2023.\u201cSurveillance Prevention and Control of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Infections in the EU\/EEA. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2023.EN\u20108242."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344\u2010017\u20101090\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201060060\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010023\u201003717\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.0237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201026707\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/aslh\u20102018\u20100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004974"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364\u2010023\u201000710\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063122\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD\u2010D\u201019\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201059692\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01926\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252307001120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2016.21.45.30391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","unstructured":"RIVM.2022.\u201cGrey Heron Infected With West Nile Virus.\u201d National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/node\/210071."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"RIVM.2025.\u201cActualiteiten Over Westnijlkoorts.\u201d National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/westnijlkoorts\/actueel."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"Sergeant.2018.\u201cEpitools Epidemiological Calculators [Computer Software].\u201dhttp:\/\/epitools.ausvet.com.au."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2020.25.40.2001704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streng K.2024.\u201cFrom Research to Preparedness: A Study of Zoonotic Arboviruses in Animals the Netherlands [Wageningen University].\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18174\/676149.","DOI":"10.18174\/676149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2406278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"Vehtari A. 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