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This dynamic is expected to produce a positive, saturating relationship between island and mainland body size, with insular size increases at small sizes and reductions at large sizes. Despite extensive support in animals, this prediction has rarely been tested in plants. Consequently, it remains unclear whether the island rule applies to plants, whether it operates consistently across evolutionary scales, and how biotic and abiotic drivers jointly shape insular size shifts.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We tested the island rule in plants by examining leaf size variation\u2014an organ\u2010level analogue of body size\u2014across 48 island species from six oceanic systems and their mainland counterparts. We conducted both conspecific comparisons (same species on islands and the mainland;\n                          <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                          \u2009=\u200919 pairs) and congeneric comparisons (island endemics paired with closely related mainland species;\n                          <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                          \u2009=\u200929 pairs) to assess patterns across evolutionary scales. We also measured insect herbivory and recorded climatic variables to explore ecological correlates of island\u2013mainland variation in leaf size.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Although mean leaf size did not differ significantly between island and mainland populations for either conspecific or congeneric comparisons, we detected a non\u2010linear, positive saturating relationship between mainland and island leaf sizes, consistent with an island rule\u2010like pattern. Small\u2010leaved mainland species tended to evolve larger leaves on islands, whereas this effect diminished for larger leaved species, a pattern observed in both conspecific and congeneric comparisons. Insect herbivory and climate did not explain these relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Synthesis<\/jats:italic>\n                          : These findings demonstrate that plants follow the island rule for leaf size and suggest that mainland\u2010to\u2010island shifts at opposite ends of the mainland leaf size spectrum offset one another, possibly explaining no overall difference in leaf size between island and mainland populations.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.70266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T09:39:37Z","timestamp":1771493977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global insular leaf size shifts follow the island rule, independently of insect herbivory and macroclimate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Xoaqu\u00edn","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Misi\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Galicia (MBG\u2010CSIC)  Pontevedra Galicia Spain"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Abdala\u2010Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores\u2010Unidad M\u00e9rida  Yucat\u00e1n M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"Isabel R.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) and Azorean Biodiversity Group Universidade dos A\u00e7ores  Angra do Hero\u00edsmo A\u00e7ores Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Baider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade de Sao Paulo\u2014USP  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"},{"name":"The Mauritius Herbarium Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro\u2010Industry and Food Security  Reduit Mauritius"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Kura M\u0101tauranga Koiora School of Biological Sciences Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington  Wellington New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Juli","family":"Caujap\u00e9\u2010Castells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico Viera y Clavijo\u2014Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria  Canary Islands Spain"}]},{"given":"Jonay","family":"Cubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Conservation and Biogeography Research Group, Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Ecolog\u00eda y Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal Universidad de La Laguna  Santa Cruz de Tenerife Canary Islands Spain"}]},{"given":"Lydia S.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California  Irvine California USA"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Dom\u00ednguez\u2010Lapido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eNeBaDa  Santiago de Compostela Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda\u2010Jos\u00e9","family":"Endara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ecolog\u00eda y Evoluci\u00f3n en los Tr\u00f3picos\u2010EETrop Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas  Quito Ecuador"}]},{"given":"F. 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Vincent","family":"Florens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Island Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Pole of Research, Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, Faculty of Science University of Mauritius  R\u00e9duit Mauritius"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Galm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resources &amp; Environmental Sciences Montana State University  Bozeman Montana USA"}]},{"given":"Juan Ernesto","family":"Guevara\u2010Andino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ecolog\u00eda y Evoluci\u00f3n en los Tr\u00f3picos\u2010EETrop Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas  Quito Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lord Howe Island Museum  Lord Howe Island New South Wales Australia"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Lago\u2010N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misi\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de 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