{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:24:31Z","timestamp":1767903871818,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Species Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Brood\u2010site pollination mutualisms represent extreme levels of reciprocal specialization between plants and insects. Several studies have revealed intimate associations between cycads and their insect pollinators across different continents. However, the reproductive biology of South American cycads is still poorly understood, with limited empirical data available. Here, we investigated the plant\u2013pollinator interactions of\n                    <jats:italic>Zamia boliviana<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Cycadales, Zamiaceae), which is distributed on savanna patches in Brazil and Bolivia. Our aim was to examine reproductive biology (strobili development and their visitors) to identify potential pollinators from the perspective of dioecy and expectations of obligatory mutualism. We monitored reproductive cohorts and registered the strobili\u02bcs visitors. We classified the visitors\u02bc activities and described the behavior of the most active and recurring ones in both reproductive structures to ascertain the potential pollinators and their relationship with the\n                    <jats:italic>Z. boliviana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In situ experiments were used to demonstrate efficacy in seed production. Although other insects visit the strobili, only one Coleoptera (Erotylidae:\n                    <jats:italic>Pharaxonotha<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was present seasonally.\n                    <jats:italic>Pharaxonotha cerradensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the single species capable of transporting pollen and developing a life cycle associated with polleniferous strobili, while concomitantly visiting ovuliferous strobili. Experimental tests associated with observational evidence in the cycad indicated brood\u2010site pollination mutualism with the Erotylidae beetle, a potential pollinator of\n                    <jats:italic>Z. boliviana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our investigation confirmed a new case of obligatory mutualism between cycads and\n                    <jats:italic>P. cerradensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the New World. Future research on\n                    <jats:italic>Zamia<\/jats:italic>\n                    from South America should address pollination systems of this genus to better understand the ecology and evolution of plant\u2013pollinator interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1442-1984.12322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T21:05:56Z","timestamp":1614546356000},"page":"348-360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reproductive biology of the\n                    <scp>South American<\/scp>\n                    cycad\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Zamia boliviana<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    , involving brood\u2010site pollination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2821-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosane","family":"Segalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Campus C\u00e1ceres \u2013 Prof. Oleg\u00e1rio Baldo  C\u00e1ceres Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Fenologia Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias  Rio Claro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonor Patr\u00edcia Cerdeira","family":"Morellato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Fenologia Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias  Rio Claro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511721878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28650-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/702642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Is cycasin in Eumaeus minyas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) a predator deterrent?","volume":"27","author":"Castillo\u2010Guevara C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Interciencia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"A new species of Pharaxonotha (Coleoptera: Erotylidae), probable pollinator of the endangered Cuban cycad, Microcycas calocoma (Zamiaceae)","volume":"19","author":"Chaves R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insecta Mundi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1442-1984.12273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-566X2004000600004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blz008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcz021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2446138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Donaldson J. S. Nanni I.&B\u00f6senberg J. D. W.(1995).The role of insects in the pollination of Encephalartos cycadifolius. In P. Vorster (Ed.) Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Cycad Biology (pp. 423\u2013434). Pretoria South Africa: Cycad Society of South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"The principles of pollination ecology","author":"Faegri K.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18475\/cjos.v44i3.a7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Cycads with special reference to the South African species","author":"Grobbelaar N.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/BT03159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (2019).The IUCN red list of threatened species. (Version 2019\u20132). 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