{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:18:11Z","timestamp":1788265091787,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Special Edu"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study explores teachers' awareness of the pedagogical learning needs of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in special primary schools in Tanzania. Twelve teachers from six special primary schools who teach children with ASD were purposively sampled. The study used semi\u2010structured interviews to collect data and applied thematic analysis. The findings revealed that teachers perceived that children with ASD require multimodal communication, social skills development, sensory processing support and assistive technology to learn effectively. The study also found that teachers experience challenges in identifying the pedagogical learning needs of these children due to limited knowledge of appropriate pedagogical practices. Therefore, the study recommends that teachers engage in ongoing professional development focused on ASD through seminars, workshops and short training sessions to enhance their capacity to address each child's pedagogical learning needs effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8578.70124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:44:42Z","timestamp":1788263082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Teachers' awareness of pedagogical learning needs of children with autism spectrum disorder in special primary schools in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0216-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christer","family":"Ngowoko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Ezekiel","family":"Kisanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education University of Dar es Salaam  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3088-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadetha Gabriel","family":"Rushahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education University of Dar es Salaam  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001107","article-title":"Autism in Africa: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and the impact of social and cultural factors on families and caregivers: a review","volume":"85","author":"Aderinto N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.873248","article-title":"Barriers general education teachers face regarding the inclusion of students with autism","volume":"13","author":"Al Jaffal M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9781615375370","volume-title":"Understanding mental disorders: your guide to DSM\u20105\u2010TR\u00ae","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/02667363.2017.1391750","article-title":"The self\u2010efficacy of primary teachers in supporting the inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"34","author":"Anglim J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Psychology in Practice"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","article-title":"The use of digital technologies to foster educational inclusion in students with special educational needs: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Armendariz\u2010Nu\u00f1ez E.","year":"2026","journal-title":"VISION SY"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","volume-title":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","author":"Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","volume-title":"Teacher perspectives of inclusion for students with autism: an interpretative phenomenological analysis study","author":"Becerra\u2010Murillo K.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05266-4","article-title":"General educational teachers' perceptions of autism, inclusive practices, and relationship building strategies","volume":"52","author":"Bolourian Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun V.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103571","article-title":"A systematic review of coping strategies in parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"98","author":"Craig F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1108\/S1479-363620200000014009","volume-title":"Assistive technology to support inclusive education","author":"Cumming T.M.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Multimodal strategies in teaching children with autism: a discourse analysis","volume":"11","author":"Djatmika D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-022-09455-3","article-title":"Ethical issues in research: perceptions of researchers, research ethics board members, and research ethics experts","volume":"21","author":"Drolet M.J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Academic Ethics"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080669","article-title":"Interrelations of physical fitness and cognitive functions in German schoolchildren","volume":"8","author":"Drozdowska A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221096208","article-title":"Stakeholder experiences, attitudes, and perspectives on inclusive education for children with developmental disabilities in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"26","author":"Genovesi E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231170280","article-title":"Trajectory research in children with autism diagnosis: a scoping review","volume":"28","author":"Gentles S.J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15101425","article-title":"Multimodal communication outcomes for Hispanic autistic preschoolers following coached student clinician and caregiver\u2010led NDBIs","volume":"15","author":"Gevarter C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","first-page":"336","article-title":"Innovative technology\u2010based interventions for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"25","author":"Grynszpan O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2020.1758786","article-title":"Meeting the communication needs of students on the autism spectrum in Australian classrooms: adjustments reported by educators and specialists","volume":"23","author":"Harper\u2010Hill K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech\u2010Language Pathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04844-2","article-title":"Evidence\u2010based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism: third\u2010generation review","volume":"51","author":"Hume K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315588200","article-title":"Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community","volume":"20","author":"Kenny L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-022-00512-7","article-title":"Attentional influences on neural processing of biological motion in typically developing children and those on the autism spectrum","volume":"13","author":"Knight E.J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","volume-title":"Theme: contemporary issues in education: linking research and practice 13th\u201314 January 2022, 263","author":"Laiser M. L.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s43494-022-00072-8","article-title":"Effects of a parent\u2010mediated multimodal communication intervention on communicative behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"45","author":"Liao C.Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Education and Treatment of Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-022-00334-6","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence\u2010based instruction for individuals with autism using mobile augmentative and alternative communication technology","volume":"11","author":"Lorah E.R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2021.1946722","article-title":"Inclusive pedagogy through the lens of primary teachers and teaching assistants in England","volume":"28","author":"Losberg J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Inclusive Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.695825","article-title":"Implications of sensory processing and attentional differences associated with autism in academic settings: an integrative review","volume":"12","author":"Mallory C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920909938","article-title":"The changing face of qualitative inquiry","volume":"19","author":"Morse J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The teaching and learning process to enhance teaching effectiveness: a literature review","volume":"4","author":"Munna A.S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Online Submission"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","volume-title":"The academic performance of pupils with autism and pupils with intellectual impairment in special and inclusive primary schools in Tanzani","author":"Mwamwaja P.E.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","volume-title":"How to talk and write about Autism","author":"National Autistic Society","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v11i0.979","article-title":"Teaching learners with autism in the south African inclusive classroom: pedagogic strategies and possibilities","volume":"11","author":"Nthibeli M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"African Journal of Disability"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64549-5_7","volume-title":"Inclusive education developments in Africa","author":"Nyimbi I.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04990-1","article-title":"Educational interventions for children and youth with autism: a 40\u2010year perspective","volume":"51","author":"Odom S.L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","article-title":"Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research","volume":"42","author":"Palinkas L.A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015588502","article-title":"A systematic review of research strategies used in qualitative studies on school bullying and victimisation","volume":"18","author":"Patton D.U.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415221123429","article-title":"Strategies in supporting inclusive education of autistic students\u2014a systematic review of qualitative research results","volume":"7","author":"Petersson\u2010Bloom L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism & Developmental Language Impairments"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.12.002","article-title":"Educational software as assistive technologies for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"179","author":"Purnama Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Current perspectives on research ethics in qualitative research","volume":"19","author":"Roth W.M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/00400599251340612","article-title":"Using video modeling to teach students with autism","volume":"58","author":"Travers J.C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Teaching Exceptional Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","volume-title":"Researching lived experience: human science for an action\u2010sensitive pedagogy","author":"Van Manen M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","article-title":"Sensory integration and its importance in learning for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"30","author":"Vives\u2010Vilarroig J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211019162","article-title":"The effects of JASPER intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Waddington H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","volume-title":"Continuous teacher training goes nationwide in Tanzania","author":"World Bank","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0162353219855681","article-title":"Learning experiences of highly able learners with autism spectrum disorder: using a success case method","volume":"42","author":"Wu I.C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal for the Education of the Gifted"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Special Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1467-8578.70124","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1467-8578.70124","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1467-8578.70124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:44:50Z","timestamp":1788263090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nasenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1467-8578.70124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1467-8578.70124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8578.70124","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3383","1467-8578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3383","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1467-8578.70124"}}