{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:27:10Z","timestamp":1776684430181,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]],"date-time":"2008-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20931,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1950,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>. i. Sufficient examples of spiral structure of chromosomes are now known from dicotyledons, monocotyledons, pteridophytes and perhaps gymnosperms, together with some animals, to show that the phenomenon is a fundamental one in the plant and animal kingdoms, at least in the higher groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. Various methods found to be effective for revealing the spiral are listed, though the spiral itself cannot be an artifact.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. Since 1939, new observations have been made on the following principal topics: <jats:italic>(a)<\/jats:italic> chromonema length; <jats:italic>(b)<\/jats:italic> direction of coiling, especially in a somatic chromosome; <jats:italic>(c)<\/jats:italic> prophase development leading to generalizations about \u2018gyre elimination\u2019 as a normal part of the spiralization cycle; <jats:italic>(d)<\/jats:italic> geometrical form of the spiral.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. Unification of terminology is recommended by general adoption of the terms <jats:italic>plectonemic<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>par anemic<\/jats:italic> to describe the geometrical form of the spiral. The term <jats:italic>\u2018standard coil\u2019<\/jats:italic> is recommended to replace \u2018minor spiral\u2019 for contrasting the major spiral with those of other types of division.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. The need is stressed for further evidence on the minor spiral in the strict sense.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. The importance of the interpretation of the \u2018telophase split\u2019 and of the origin of relational coiling for an understanding of the functional importance of the whole phenomenon of spiral structure is stressed. The suggestion made in earlier publications is repeated that the functional significance of the spiral might be that of co\u2010ordinating the component strands of a chromosome so that these may act in a unified manner when outside the resting nucleus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185x.1950.tb00770.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T07:42:29Z","timestamp":1200987749000},"page":"486-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["THE SPIRAL STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"MANTON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a085076","article-title":"Chromosome structure and the mechanics of mitosis and meiosis. I. Mitosis","volume":"3","author":"Abraham A.","year":"1939","journal-title":"Lilium. Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.11.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Die Kerntheilung in den Pollen\u2010mutterzellen einiger Tradescantien","volume":"38","author":"Baranetzky J.","year":"1880","journal-title":"Bot. Ztg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2436990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1941.tb10963.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520293509116010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1935.0047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","article-title":"Shortening of chromosomes due to action of cold","volume":"6","author":"Delaunay L. N.","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ber. Inst. Pflanzenziicht., Maslozvska"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"On an application of the electron microscope to plant cytology","volume":"13","author":"Elvers I.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Acta. Hort. berg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","author":"Fujii K.","year":"1926","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Adv. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"\u00dcber eine postmeiotische Teilungsanomalie und den Spiralbau der Chromosomen von Paris quadrifolia","volume":"2","author":"Geitler L.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Die Einbeere als zytologisches Objekt","volume":"3","author":"Geitler L.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Z. \u2018Mikroskopie\u2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Meiosis in Paris. I. Mechanism of chiasma formation","volume":"5","author":"Haga T.","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Fac. Sci, Hokkaido Univ. Series v, Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1941.009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Meiotic chromosome structure in Trillium erectum","volume":"49","author":"Huskins C. L.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Ann. Bot., Lond."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a084006","article-title":"Probable causes of the changes in direction of the major spiral in Trillium erectum L","volume":"2","author":"Huskins C. L.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"La chiasmatypie dans les insectes","volume":"34","author":"Janssens F. A.","year":"1924","journal-title":"Cellule"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Chromosome behaviour in the interkinesis. I. Observation of pollen mother cells in Tradescantia reflexa","volume":"10","author":"Kato K.","year":"1934","journal-title":"Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Spiral structure of chromosomes in Liluim","volume":"10","author":"Kato K.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto, B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1926.tb05869.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02861360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2437945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a083459","article-title":"Number and behaviour of chromosomes in Aloe litoralis","volume":"1","author":"Koshy T. K.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15281\/jplantres1887.41.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15281\/jplantres1887.46.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.9.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.10.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Behaviour of chromonemata in mitosis. I. Observations of pollen mother cells in Tradescantia reflexa","volume":"9","author":"Kuwada Y.","year":"1933","journal-title":"Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto, B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.5.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.6.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.6.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Artificial uncoiling of the chromonema spirals as a method of investigation of the chromosome structure","volume":"55","author":"Kuwada Y.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Z. wiss. Mikr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15281\/jplantres1887.42.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1381058a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1939.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a088580"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/155471a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1945.tb05129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(49)90131-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4667"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a088536","article-title":"Observations on the spiral structure of somatic chromosomes in Osmunda with the aid of ultra\u2010violet light","volume":"7","author":"Manton I.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.6.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Chromosome studies on Trillium kamtschaticum Pall. II. The direction of coiling of the chromonema within the first meiotic chromosomes of the PMC","volume":"3","author":"Matsuura H.","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Series v, Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.8.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.9.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.10.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.11.407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.10.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1941.009.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a083467","article-title":"Chromosome studies in Hyacinthus orientalis L. II. Meiotic chromosomes","volume":"1","author":"Naithani S. P.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00390951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00390952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02870166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1941.009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.1926.tb00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"A new method of unravelling the chromonema spirals","volume":"53","author":"Oura G.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Z, wiss. Mikr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1538333"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15281\/jplantres1887.41.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Chromosome structure and the mechanism of crossing over","volume":"11","author":"Sax K.","year":"1930","journal-title":"J. Arnold Abor."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.5962\/p.324577","article-title":"Chromosome structure in the meiotic chromosomes of Rhoeo discolor Hance","volume":"61","author":"Sax K.","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Arnold Arbor."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.6.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/21.4.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/334476"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"Chromosome structure and behaviour in mitosis and meiosis","volume":"16","author":"Sax H. J.","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Arnold Abor."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Chromosome structure and behaviour in some plants. I. Chromosomes of Diphylleia Grayi Fr. Schm","volume":"5","author":"Soeda T.","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Series v, Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"On the spiral structure of chromosomes of some higher plants","volume":"9","author":"Shinke N.","year":"1930","journal-title":"Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto, B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Spiral structure of chromosomes in meiosis in Sagittaria Aginashi","volume":"9","author":"Shinke N.","year":"1934","journal-title":"Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto, B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Artificial uncoiling of the chromonema spirals with neutral salt solutions","volume":"10","author":"Sigenaga M.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Jap. J. Bot."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"The structure and development of the chromosome spirals in microspores of Trillium","volume":"20","author":"Sparrow A. H.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Canad. J. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjr41c-035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a090708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/335063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1943.tb14782.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106003","article-title":"Chromosomes from cultures of excised anthers","volume":"40","author":"Taylor J. H.","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/135957b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1936.0059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.4.222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjr41c-038"}],"container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1950.tb00770.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1950.tb00770.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T11:49:37Z","timestamp":1699444177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1950.tb00770.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1950,10]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1950,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1950.tb00770.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-185x.1950.tb00770.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-7931","1469-185X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-7931","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-185X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1950,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-01-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}