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Although cultural, gender\u2010 and sexual orientation\u2010related differences in sexual behaviors are well documented, there is a relative absence of data on PPU outside Western countries and among women as well as gender\u2010 and sexually\u2010diverse individuals. We addressed these gaps by (a) validating the long and short versions of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS and PPCS\u20106, respectively) and the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) and (b) measuring PPU risk across diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using data from the pre\u2010registered International Sex Survey [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982\u2009243; mean age (M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\u2009=\u200932.4\u00a0years, standard deviation\u2009=\u200912.5], a study across 42 countries from five continents, we evaluated the psychometric properties (i.e. factor structure, measurement invariance, and reliability) of the PPCS, PPCS\u20106, and BPS and examined their associations with relevant correlates (e.g. treatment\u2010seeking). We also compared PPU risk among diverse groups (e.g. three genders).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The PPCS, PPCS\u20106, and BPS demonstrated excellent psychometric properties [for example, comparative fit index\u2009=\u20090.985, Tucker\u2013Lewis Index\u2009=\u20090.981, root mean square error of approximation\u2009=\u20090.060 (90% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.059\u20130.060)] in the confirmatory factor analysis, with all PPCS\u2019 inter\u2010factor correlations positive and strong (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009=\u20090.72\u20130.96). A total of 3.2% of participants were at risk of experiencing PPU (PPU+) based on the PPCS, with significant country\u2010 and gender\u2010based differences (e.g. men reported the highest levels of PPU). No sexual orientation\u2010based differences were observed. Only 4\u201310% of individuals in the PPU+ group had ever sought treatment for PPU, while an additional 21\u201337% wanted to, but did not do so for specific reasons (e.g. unaffordability).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study validated three measures to assess the severity of problematic pornography use across languages, countries, genders, and sexual orientations in 26 languages: the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS, and PPCS\u20106, respectively), and the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS). The problematic pornography use risk is estimated to be 3.2\u201316.6% of the population of 42 countries, and varies among different groups (e.g. genders) and based on the measure used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T21:58:10Z","timestamp":1709071090000},"page":"928-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Problematic pornography use across countries, genders, and sexual orientations: Insights from the International Sex Survey and comparison of different assessment tools"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2718-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Be\u00e1ta","family":"B\u0151the","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9na","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Psychology ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nika","family":"Ko\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming University of Gibraltar  Gibraltar Gibraltar"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling  Wethersfield CT USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center  New Haven CT USA"}]},{"name":"International Sex Survey Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0404-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane W.","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Nevada  Las Vegas Las Vegas NV USA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 11th edn;2022. 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