{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:46:16Z","timestamp":1791805576111,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["251638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["299831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["299831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["628582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["628582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001778","name":"Deakin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australas J Ageing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Age\u2010related loss of lean mass is a hallmark of sarcopenia and a contributor to functional decline and morbidity in ageing populations. This study aimed to identify long\u2010term determinants of lean mass during ageing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Data from 3033 participants (ages 20\u201396\u2009years; 49% women) in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study were analysed using linear mixed effect models with random intercepts. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) was derived from arm and leg lean mass measured using dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry. Time\u2010varying covariates were included; missing data were imputed using predictive mean matching.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Over 16.7\u2009years (IQR 9.7\u201323.2), women and older participants had lower ALM (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22128.36; 95% CI \u20138.58, \u20138.15;\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.07; 95% CI \u20130.08, \u20130.06). Higher ALM was associated with socio\u2010economic status (0.33; 0.14, 0.51), dietary calcium intake (0.46; 0.20, 0.67), femoral neck BMD (0.38; 0.29, 0.47) and thyroid hormone therapy (0.52; 0.04, 0.99). Physical inactivity (\u22120.48; \u22120.65, \u20130.31), smoking (\u22120.24; \u22120.46, \u20130.06) and stroke history (\u22120.51; \u22120.96, \u20130.07) were associated with lower ALM. Non\u2010linear associations were observed for follow\u2010up duration (fu:\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.16; fu\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n :\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.01; \u2212\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), body mass index (BMI:\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.55; BMI\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n :\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.00;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP:\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.06; SBP\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n :\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.00;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), serum C\u2010terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx:\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.14,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001; CTx\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n :\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.01,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03) and high\u2010sensitivity Creactive protein (hsCRP:\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u221210.38; hsCRP\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n :\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200911.70; \u2212\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). In fat\u2010mass\u2010adjusted models, low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.14; 0.04, 0.24) and triglycerides (0.22; 0.11, 0.33) were positively associated with ALM, whereas high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u22120.53; \u22120.81, \u20130.25) was inversely associated with ALM.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and treatment\u2010related factors show independent associations with longitudinal changes in ALM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:00:30Z","timestamp":1791802830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010Term Determinants of Lean Mass in Ageing Adults: A 17\u2010Year Longitudinal Cohort Study With Repeated Measures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aminu","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Lotfaliany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Barwon Health Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara B.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9559-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma C.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8770-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin IMPACT \u2013 The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Barwon Health Geelong Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(19)30636-6","article-title":"Age\u2010Related Changes in Muscle","volume":"75","author":"Nair K. 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C\u2010Reactive Protein: A Simple Test to Help Predict Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke","volume":"108","author":"Ridker P. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45","article-title":"Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association","volume":"107","author":"Pearson T. 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