{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:58:12Z","timestamp":1773035892683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Econ Sociol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>China's economy began to grow at an unprecedented rate around 1980 because of changes adopted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. He called it \u201csocialism with Chinese characteristics.\u201d The policy that launched those changes was the Household Contract Responsibility System (HCRS), which added private incentives to a production system based on social obligations. Viewed in that way, the HCRS bears a striking resemblance to the theory of American economist Henry George, who also sought to combine social responsibility and private initiative into a single system. Under the HCRS system, land belongs to the state, but farmers have the right to autonomous production and disposal of surplus products, greatly improving agricultural production efficiency and farmers' incomes. Under the system proposed by Henry George, land is held privately, but the full economic value of land is captured by the state in the form of a tax, so the net effect is almost exactly the same as a system of state\u2010owned land. As with the HCRS, George's system allows workers to gain the full value of their labor after their social obligations (payment of the land tax) are met. Although the two systems are different, their deep structure converges around the interaction of social obligation and private initiative. Both are systems designed to solve an ancient problem of how to extract revenue for public services with the least burden on the economy. The main difference between the two systems is that China actually adopted the HCRS\u2014leading to 30\u2009years of astonishing economic growth, whereas Western nations continue to ignore Henry George's ideas and allow their economies to stagnate. Henry George did not inspire China's economic miracle, but the basic principles are the same.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajes.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T06:21:15Z","timestamp":1763792475000},"page":"221-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Did Henry George Inspire China's Economic Miracle?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Academy of Social Sciences  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6241-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Social Sciences  Ji'nan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Anhui Provincial People's Government Consultative Office.2019.\u201cThe Journey of Breaking the Ice of China's Rural Reform Anhui Provincial History and Literature Research Institute HuangShan Bookstore March 2019.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping","author":"Deng X.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"The Pace of Reform Should Be Fast Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping","author":"Deng X.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"323","volume-title":"How to Restore Agricultural Production. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping","author":"Deng X.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Gerlach C.2005.\u201cWu\u2010Wei in Europe: A Study in Eurasian Economic Thought.\u201dLondon School of Economics Working Paper #12\/05.https:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/22479\/1\/wp12.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Yan Z.\u2010X.2024.\u201cHenry George's Progress and Poverty and Its Influence.\u201dHistory Teaching (Half Monthly Edition) 2024: 67\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"No. 1 Document and China's Rural Reform","author":"Yougui Z.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"How the Rural Reform Was Started, Theory and Practice of Rural Reform","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"The Strong Vitality of the Contact Production Responsibility System, Theory and Practice of Rural Reform","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"The Household Contract System is the Product of Ideological Liberation, Theory and Practice of Rural Reform","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Economics and Sociology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajes.70013","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ajes.70013","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajes.70013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:00:01Z","timestamp":1773032401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajes.70013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajes.70013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajes.70013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9246","1536-7150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9246","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-7150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}